A Case Study on Schizophrenia and Delusional Disorders in the Film A Beautiful Mind

The John Forbes Nash, Jr. biopic A Beautiful Mind (2001) detailed the dramatic rise and fall of the celebrated Nobel Prize winner and mathematician as he battled the debilitating effects of schizophrenia to eventually attain international acclaim.Schizophrenia, a mental disorder characterized by an inability to perceive reality, affects roughly one percent of the human population. In the film, John Nash’s disorder is depicted through a series of delusions that eventually leads to a downward spiral which almost incapacitates Nash. It also showed the various treatments Nash had to undergo in his fight to overcome schizophrenia.Symptoms and DiagnosisWhile schizophrenia is usually experienced by people in their adolescence, just â€Å"as they are about to spread their wings† – as Nasar said in the New York Times – Nash â€Å"was struck when he had already begun to soar† (Lautin, 2001, http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/archives/2001/02/27/page3/). John Na sh began to visibly exhibit the symptoms of schizophrenia in 1958 when he was approximately 30 years old. When Nash’s mental disturbances began, he was working at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and his wife Alicia was pregnant with their son.During this time, he began having delusions – he believed that he could see encrypted messages in newspaper articles, and often missed classes and lectures, so absorbed was he in his quest to decode the newspapers. Soon after, his delusions escalated and he began to think that he was being recruited into a secret code-breaking unit of the military.Once, he disrupted a lecture by announcing to his students that he would appear on the cover of a magazine masquerading as the pope. He also believed that spies were trying to reach him through the New York Times. He also refused an offer from the University of Chicago, believing that he was about to be appointed as the Emperor of Antarctica.Nonetheless, the film showed that th roughout Nash’s stay at Princeton, from 1945 to 1949, he was already having delusions. While at Princeton, he believed that he had a roommate, whereas records show that he had lived alone. He also believed in the existence of his roommate’s young niece, a little girl that sometimes accompanied his roommate.As a consequence of his growing schizophrenia, Nash was forced to resign from MIT, and was practically incapacitated for the following two decades. In 1959, Nash began to become increasingly paranoid, forcing his wife to admit him into the McLean Hospital where he was treated with chlorpromazine injections.The McLean Hospital is a private psychiatric institution which employs treatments such as counseling, psychoanalysis, and group and family therapy. There he was placed under observation for 50 days and was eventually diagnosed with â€Å"paranoid schizophrenia and mild depression with low self-esteem† (Wikipedia, 2006, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Forbe s_Nash#Schizophrenia).A Beautiful Mind portrayed John Nash’s disorder as a succession of visual hallucinations: the roommate in Princeton, the roommate’s niece, the operatives that recruited him into a covert code-breaking mission, the encoded messages in newspaper clippings, and the spies that pursued him.Bu the symptoms of Nash’s disorder that were depicted in the film are misleading and inaccurate. If these symptoms were exhibited by someone in real life, the physician might suspect that the patient is merely suffering from the effects of a drug or he might send the patient for an MRI to assess the presence of a brain tumor. Hallucinations and â€Å"split personalities† are not always indicative of schizophrenia. The version of the disorder portrayed in A Beautiful Mind does not reflect what actually occurs in real life.

Writing Deficiencies in Today

Employers rank oral and written skills as some of the most valuable qualifications desirable when looking for new hiring candidates (Gray, 2005). Writings need to be informative, concise, free of spelling and grammatical errors. Additionally, effective business communication needs to be accurate and clear in meaning. Implications of poor grammar skills of today's employees on company profitability can quickly add up into the billions. Company productivity can be effected due to poor communication between employees and customers.The need to have material interpreted by different employees because of poorly written material causes lost time and productivity. Instructions being misinterpreted due to poorly written material causes unnecessary time being lost. The academic community has long debated the need to teach grammar skills and its benefits to students. Unfortunately; college students are graduating every day without the simple basic knowledge of sentence structure, spelling or gr ammar (College Bad, The National Commission on Writing for America's Families, Schools, andColleges, 2004). Traditionally, two different approaches have been used. In the ass's, a â€Å"rule-based†, approach which used repetitive drills and sentence diagramming was employed. This theory was proven ineffective by Weaver in 1 996 (Weaver, 1996), and a â€Å"context-based†, theory was adopted, which focused on students learning language by using a specific content. Regardless of the approach taken it is clear that it is necessary to take charge of our students need to learn grammar skills at an early age and to reinforce Hess skills throughout their school age years.

Survey of Software Systems

Week 6 Case Study 1. How important is the reservation system at airlines such as WestJet and JetBlue? How does it impact operational activities and decision making? The reservation system is extremely important to small airline companies such as WestJet and JetBlue. Since these companies are small and fairly new, efficient customer service is essential to their success. When potential customers visit the JetBlue and WestJet websites and view their competitive rates, it is imperative that they are met with a completely capable, efficient information system to book their reservations on.Also, the reservation system will impact operational activities because it clearly lies out how many reservations are currently booked which is essential in deciding on the number of aircraft to use for a specific block of time to a specific destination. It also provides foresight on how much fuel to have on the aircraft etc. Another thing that the reservation system helps is the ability to know when to advertise specials on certain flights in order to fill the roster and offer standby to last minute travelers. 2. Evaluate the risks of the projects to upgrade the reservation systems of WestJet and JetBlue and key risk factors.There are several risks associated with upgrading any information systems within a company. Typically the most difficult tasks involve providing training to the employees that are responsible for using, operating or receiving data from the upgraded information systems. In this situation in particular, one of the major concerns for these companies was that the information system updates would cause defects in the system and also that the time that it would take to upgrade the reservation system could cause a gap in services to the user.An outage in their web services would cause major setbacks for both companies and neither of them could afford the loss. The text states that WestJet had been running practice tests and training for over 100,000 hours in prepara tion for the live upgrade. Still, they encountered some issues that they had not planned for during the live upgrade. This caused the website to be inaccessible for quite some time during and after the upgrade. This caused an enormous number of dissatisfied customers.Users flocked to Facebook and other social networking sites to express their dissatisfaction with WestJet’s services; they also called customer service in an effort to gain a better understanding about what was going on. As a result of the increase in customer service calls that WestJet was also unprepared for, there was a major increase in customer service wait times, which then led to more angry customers. Luckily WestJet was able to redeem itself some time down the road and didn’t take too much of a hit financially because of that mishap.This goes to show that the risks associated with upgrading information systems within a company are extremely high and in no way should they be undermined. Companies sh ould always be prepared when attempting to upgrade information systems otherwise the loss has the potential to be devastating. 3. Classify and describe the problems each airline faced in implementing its new reservation system. What people, organization, and technology factors caused those problems? The problems that WestJet faced in implementing its new reservation system ran the gamut.They had a number of organizational problems which included the fact that they obviously hadn’t considered the possibility that the transfer could not go as planned. Although they trained and practiced for over 100,000 hours in preparation for the transfer, they failed to have a backup plan, which is something that every company needs to have should they need to employ other options. When the initial plan was foiled, there weren’t even enough employees to handle the commotion that the lack of web services caused.They also had a critical technology problem, and that was that the file tra nsfer didn’t go as planned. Another technology problem was that the unsuccessful file transfer caused the web services to be down for a number of hours. There should have been a backup webpage to mitigate that gap in service. JetBlue on the other hand, was very well organized based on the information that the text gave. They had a backup for their webpage that they ended up needing to use because their servers were down due to the file transfer.They chose a low web traffic day to initiate the file transfer; and they hired 500 temporary employees to man the call center in case they had an increased number of customer service calls. JetBlue also had technology problems which caused a delay in their data transfer but the reason that it didn’t affect them as bad as it did with WestJet, is because they were prepared, 4. Describe the steps you would have taken to control the risk in these projects.The risk associated with performing live data transfers is imminent. There wil l never be a way to completely mitigate that risk, but if I were in that situation I would handle it like JetBlue did. I would examine all of the possible outcomes and have a backup in place to control the possible damage. I would have definitely had a backup web interface and I would have hired temporary employees to help with the extra workload. Basically, I would have done the exact same things that JetBlue did.

Answers of Two Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Answers of Two Questions - Assignment Example ust be mindful of these perceptions and seek to engage with the depressed person in a way that will not agitate them further; all the while reassuring them that whatever directions or steps that may be prescribed are meant for their own good. Just as with any other engagement with a citizen, the police officer would also benefit from carefully discussing each and every step that will follow within the potential engagement. By doing so, the officer will mitigate the risk that any action might be perceived as more threatening or serious than it might be already. As with all situations, the officer must be mindful of the way in which he/she interacts with the citizen; however, with the depressed person, the risk of self harm, or of harm to others, is greatly increased. As such, seeking to perform this engagement with these thoughts in mind will reduce the incident rate that might otherwise occur. Field notes play a vital role with respect to the way in which a criminal investigation takes place. The underlying reason for this is that they provide the officer or officers in question with a reliable and assessment of what thoughts they might have had at the time in which they were actively investigating a particular issue. As such, looking back on these thoughts and considerations can oftentimes allow the officer to draw a level of inference between one seemingly unrelated fact or statement and another. Ultimately, the human mind is fallible and forgetful. Because of this, accurate and up to date field notes are an effective way of ensuring that small pieces of information that might otherwise fall by the wayside are not forgotten. It is without question that many criminal investigations have been able to draw useful levels of inference between pieces of information based solely upon the notes or thoughts that a particular officer might have had during the course of their fiel d work. Even though writing reports at the end of a particular day or at the end of a

Art and the Church and the national parks are practically the same Term Paper

Art and the Church and the national parks are practically the same thing. You're defended because you're ineffectual - Term Paper Example One of the artists who have created very effective art in recent times is Giuseppe (2012) Pellicano. Giuseppe work is quite the opposite of the ineffective artist as described by Connor (2006), and his artistic work does not need to be defended. As a conceptual artists Giuseppe has been able to attract the attention of the masses to issues that are critical to the society. One of Giuseppe (2012)’s artwork the The Left.Left. Rigtht. Left. Porcelain has been able to attain critical acclaim for the artiste and cannot be said to be ineffectual as Connor (2006) claims. Under a concept similar to Eleanor Antin’s 100 boots concept, Giuseppe (2006) developed the Left. Left. Left, right, left exhibition to remember the American soldiers who lost their lives in the Iraq war. The Left.Left. Rigth. Left Installation According to Giuseppe (2012), the title emanates from a cadence call in the military used in ordering soldiers into marching formations. This call is made by the leadin g soldiers then the others repeat behind him in unison. The title was symbolic as it echoes with the Camaraderie and unity among the soldiers who fought in Operation Iraq freedom , Operation New Dawn and Operation Enduring Freedom. The artwork was created by using porcelain moulded into the shape of military boots. Initially, Giuseppe (2012) set out to mould a boot for every soldier who had lost their life in the three operations. The combat boot had five parts that made up the various side of a boot. The boot was made by bandying the five parts of the boot together and the pouring the mixed Porcelain into the mould. The mould was then allowed to shape for three hours before the mould was unfastened to release the boot that looks like the real life boot. The porcelain was allowed to dry further before removing the seams at the junction of the moulds. The surface is then thoroughly smoothed and cleansed to improve its aesthetic appeal. Before, taking the boots to the kiln, a hole was made in the tongue of the boots and Dog tags were fastened through the hole in the tongue. According to the creator, Porcelain was chosen as the material to be creating the boots as its the best among clay bodies and would represent the absolute respect the creator wished to show the soldiers. Porcelain remains white even after firing a colour the creator felt represents stillness and silence used to pay the last respect to a fallen soldier. According to Giuseppe (2012) the same material and slip casting was chosen for making the boots to make sure their represent the view that humans are all equal. According to Giuseppe (2012) the similarities in design would mirror the fact that each soldier was made of blood and flesh, regardless of religion, sex or race. The need to create boots from the same cast explains why the creator was unable to mould more than a 100 boots, as the cast has a short lifespan that can only create a limited number of boots. The idea to fasten dog tags on the boots was taken from another artwork also used to commemorate the lives of fallen soldier in a previous war. This artwork is named Above and Beyond and is displayed at the National Vietnam Veterans Art Museum. It is 10-by-40- foot sculpture and is fastened with soldiers name bearing the names of every soldier who fell in the Vietnam War. Similarly, Giuseppe (2012) used dog tags bearing the name, date of death and the

American experience in Vietnam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

American experience in Vietnam - Essay Example But as it is with politicians they give their citizens what they want to hear. This is what Kennedy was doing to convince his listeners and lure those who were not in his support. The vice president by then, though it took them long to notice and admit admitted that they had been ignorant of all that had happened in Vietnam. All those taking part in war had their own reasons for fighting, but did not include lands, resources nor dominations but freedom was the justice they were seeking in their quest neither did their want to lose their colonies in the southern east Asia. Greed and selfishness is a much greater drive for to those with interest to grab what they want. Being involved in a soviet union war meant that they were not in only in a battle of superiority, but were competing for ideas. Winthrop’s John myth citing the idea of a new America that was godlier would vanquish their numerically stronger enemies. They had dismissed the thought of having a stronger warrior squad that would outdo those of their enemies citing it as ancient. The Vietnam presidents by now relied more on virtue but not power in order to carry the day by winning the war. (Westheider 2008) 2 Industrialization got a boost from the farmers from the eighteenth century. This fueled the power of Americans in terms of their organization, and no other a power could outdo them. This proved that they were militarily invisible and after what took place in Hiroshima it was more evident that they were morally superior but the most powerful country in history. In their mind, they knew nobody could beat them in war even if nations joined to fight against them. This is where they went wrong and so writes Miller Arthur, that he believed in America and believed they had technology till the mid 1960’s when he thought they would never accept defeat as they had technologically advanced. The thought of American’s military being conquered in the battlefield with the advanced technology, grown industrialization and technology ability made them think they would never have been insufficient for war and its purposes. With the Soviet Union exploding a bomb as the Americans were not expectant off. Their aim was entirely to come up with means to fight as they avoided nuclear technology. Its premise was that soviets and their team were to indulge in small wars and without provoking or unlocking nuclear energy. In 1945 as they marked the end of the World War 2, Vietnam was left with vivid memories of subordination caused by Japanese and French authority replacing de facto. The moral lessons were western colonialism wasn’t omnipotent, and no name would replace imperialism as it was all the same from all round and equally dangerous.( Sevy 1989) American both political and leaders in businesses had an agreement that they needed to breathe both life and energy from the world system, and the only country 3that had the capacity to see them done was America. The key role w ould be played by political entrance to enact the law through the help of police men. There was a need for coordination of world affairs in the whole worlds system. Britain withdrew in the 19th century. This made Americans eager on taking on the lead as they believed they were able. Their main task was to restore expansiveness in their economy in their quest to increase their productivity as it was devastated by war. However, the imbalance within the system of the world was the major issue. Despite Americans capitalism being so strong, it didn’t quite matter as that of others countries was too weak. (Dougan,1988) But why all this, there were no raw materials in Vietnam to exploit neither were there strategic interests, it’

Expressionism in Art Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Expressionism in Art - Assignment Example The paper "Expressionism in Art" gives a detailed information about expressionism art. The primary objective of the expressionist style was to registerthe subjective responses that the artists harbored in context of events or objects. Expressionism never intended to project a realistic and true to life picture of the objects as they existed. It always had more to do with the delicate world of feelings and emotions then to attempt a literal interpretation of the real worldly forms and events. Expressionism relied for its strength and potency on the subtle sensitivity of an artist. Vivid colors, two dimensional subjects lacking a depth or perspectives and distortions turned out to be the hallmarks of the expressionist art. The goal of the expressionist art was to capture potent, extreme and distorted emotions that originated in an artist’s sensitive mind as it come in contact with the varied events and forms in the real world. The quintessential premise, on which expressionism w as based, was the belief that an artist’s response to the real world objects and events happened to be so intense that it left an indelible mark on the form of art. In expressionist art, the artist enjoyed a sense of freedom to exaggerate or distort the surface elements in consonance with the subjective pressures being experienced by the artist. Expressionism not only allowed an artist to express oneself, but also aspired to generate an emotional response in the viewers. Expressionist art happened to be a reflection of its times.

Textbook chapter summary Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Textbook chapter summary - Assignment Example If a party breaks a rule or goes against the contract then a legal action is taken against it and the effected party is provided with the remedies. These remedies are designed to compensate the damage or loss the party has bore. Both the parties should pursue these aspects of obligations and remedies formulated by the law, while making a contract. The main obligation of the contract is the tender of delivery according to which the lessee is bound to deliver the goods according to the contract. The time should be flexible for the delivery. A perfect tender rule is where the buyer is allowed to reject or accept the whole shipment or a part of it within a reasonable time. The buyer or lessee has a right to withhold the delivery or the payment if anyone of them is breaching the contract or the payment is not made in due time. Both can reclaim the supplies if needed according to some specific situations. Both have the right to recover the purchase price or the damages under specific condi tions. In case of lost or missing goods the lessee could sue for the recovery of lost profit. In chapter 19 the warranties and product liabilities and its implications are being discussed. A warranty made by the seller confirms the liability and the standard of his product. If it’s a food product then the warranty implies that the food is good for human consumption and the law implies it. The chapter talks about the language that should be used in order to claim the warranty or the product liability and the terms in which the claim is applicable. A noticeable point raised in the chapter is the fact that manufacturer’s responsibility of providing quality products to the customers does not end after distributing the product to retailers and wholesalers. Instead, manufacturers should monitor the selling technique of the retailers and wholesalers and ensure

Economy assignment ( apply econmoinc rational for health services) Essay

Economy assignment ( apply econmoinc rational for health services) - Essay Example Empowering the public through provision of goods includes provisions for vaccines and other preventive tools that the public can use, independently or with the help of care personnel, to reduce chances of infections. Similarly, the government can employ services to educate the public on possible self-base care that reduces prevalence of disease and infections towards a healthy society. All these initiatives involve economic concepts of generation of goods and services, their transfer and a final application to ensure achievement of healthcare goals. The most applicable economic tools that identify significance of the government’s role and how such a role should be played are scarcity of resources, and monopoly as a market structure (Folland, Goodman and Stano, 2012). Scarcity that defines limited supply of resources relative to demand is a universal factor among resources. The sensitivity of healthcare however demands that such a scarcity be overcome by ensuring that necessary resources are put in place for a healthy society. Consequently, the government should use its capacity to ensure availability of resources for healthcare preventive measures, resources that would otherwise be very scarce if left in the hands of the private sector. The necessary goods and services for educating and empowering the public would therefore be expensive due to market forces of demand and supply. The scarcity of healthcare resources and necessity of such needs therefore demands that the government provides the required goods and services, directly or indirectly, to ensure that the resources are available and are affordable for preventive measures (Folland, Goodman and Stano, 2012). Even though monopoly ensures quality, the lack of competition may lead to delays in supply. As a result, the government should promote a competitive market for the supply of intellectual services and goods for

Characteristics of Gothic Literature Essay Example for Free

Characteristics of Gothic Literature Essay The Gothic In 1798 an anonymous author published a commentary that revealed exactly how some writers received the Gothic during this time: â€Å" Take—An old castle, half of it ruinous A long gallery, with a great many doors, some secret ones. Three murdered bodies, quite fresh. As many skeletons, in chests and presses. An old woman hanging by the neck; with her throat cut. Assassins and desperadoes, quant. suff. Noises, whispers, and groans, threescore at least. † (1-7) After reading many of the selections in the anthology, I found this poem on a Gothic’s â€Å"recipe† to be quite true (602). However, in the case of this anonymous writer, he considers all of these characteristics to be negative. I, on the other hand, find it very intriguing that this type of novel developed in a time ruled by writers whose main focus was politics and poetry. Many influential writers including Coleridge and Wordsworth criticized the characteristics, morality, purpose, and significance of these novels; however, I believe many of the features they disliked actually broadened the scope of literature. The Gothic novel was often attacked for being too formulaic. Although the specifics of the plot changed from novel to novel, the characteristics were often similar, which is something that is pointed out repeatedly by the Gothic’s critics. The similarities encountered in the characteristics of these novels include the setting, mystery, and characters to name a few. The setting of this type of novel is usually in a castle of sorts, or in some other mysterious place that produces suspense and terror within the reader. Although these settings were often alike, they â€Å"exist to convey the atmosphere† and are used â€Å"for ends that are fundamentally psychological† (Hume 286). This characteristic is one that set up the entire feeling of the novel, one of suspense, horror, and mystery. The setting of various novels was not uniform because it was the easy or obvious choice like many critics believed, but because it created a certain atmosphere that was needed for the plot. If the story had been set on a sunny beach, the atmosphere would have been much different and the reader would not get the same affect. Like the settings, the mysteries that develop within Gothic novels are usually somewhat similar. From what I have come across, many include a murder or deep, dark secret that is unraveled by an ordinary person. While this may support Wordsworth’s claim that these novels are â€Å"sickly and stupid German tragedies† because of their straightforward plot, I find them to be quite interesting (266). These mysteries create suspense, and were the first â€Å"page-turners† that were ever written. Readers no longer had to decipher long and complicated meanings from pieces such as the â€Å"Lucy Gray† poems; instead, they could sit back, relax, and enjoy these novels that created an escape into a mysterious world. Another piece of the â€Å"formula† that was important to the genre were the characters that were used throughout the novels. The characters were often simple people who were thrown into a situation that required extraordinary actions. While the simplicity of the characters was often criticized by writers who considered themselves to be â€Å"high culture,† these characters had the ability to â€Å"involve the reader in special circumstances† (Hume 286). Unlike the pieces that came before them, the Gothic novel had the capacity to draw the reader in, and put them in the shoes of the main character. For me, it was very hard to feel for the personas in earlier poems that we came across. I think the main reason for this is that the characters tended to be somewhat generic, but interesting. They allowed for anyone to understand the character and immerse themselves within the character’s thoughts. They also allowed for people to sink in to a particular character and feel the terror that they were feeling. Another aspect of the Gothic that was often called into question was the morality of the characters and authors. There are many instances in which these novels incorporated grotesque scenes that included rape and murder among many other things. In The Monk by Matthew Lewis the main character, Ambrosia, is a virtuous and ethical man who seduced by the demon Matilda. In one scene â€Å"his desires were raised to that frantic height by which brutes are agitated†¦ and [he] hastily proceeded to tear off those garments which impeded the gratification of his lust† (598). Ambrosia is obviously an immoral character, and he is criticized for not being so. To me, it seems like critics were getting to the point where they were trying to find anything and everything to criticize about the Gothic novel. While this genre may involve some unseemly characters, they are needed in order to create an interesting plot. Having some sort of villain is necessary in any type of writing that has a mystery or murder involved. Without villains, we cannot have heroes, and both are very important aspects of literature. Coleridge, for example, not only attacked The Monk as a novel but also attacked Lewis as a person for having the ability to create such an immoral character. He believed that â€Å"the merit of a novelist is in proportion†¦ to the pleasurable effect which he produces (604). I highly disagree with this statement because I believe controversy affects change, and change is needed in order to forward society. Novelists and poets were no longer writing poems that had the sole purpose of making a person feel good or empowered; instead, they were writing for entertainment. Also, many of the writers before The Monk addressed political issues that were not considered pleasurable, but controversial and hard to confront. Coleridge’s statement seems to contradict everything that literature stands for. Authors and the literature they create are unpleasant at times, and that is not wrong—it is merely a necessity for the forward movement of society and evolution of literature. Another important issue to address when it comes to these novels is their specific purpose. It seems that every literary movement in history had some sort of motive or driving force behind them. For the Gothic, this driving force or purpose seems to be to induce terror while entertaining. Before this movement, we never really encountered works of literature that were straightforward, suspenseful, and enjoyable all at the same time. In an essay by Aikin and Aikin, they claimed that people would â€Å"rather chuse to suffer the smart pang of a violent emotion than the uneasy craving of an unsatisfied desire† (584). By this, they mean that terror is pleasurable, and that is exactly what these novels delivered to their readers. It was not an emotion that was regularly produced when readers came into contact with the typical works of this time. For a piece of literature to induce such error was something novel and interesting that affected many of their readers. Because terror is an emotion that is hard to come by, these novels were, like I said, an escape for readers. Terror is not something that a person wants to encounter in their real life, but is something they can enjoy and acquire through reading these novels. Their purpose was not to confuse the reader with complicated meanings full of allusions. Instead, these terrifying novels have the ability to â€Å"render the poorest and most insipid narrative interesting when once we get fairly into it† (584). Although many of the authors of Gothic novels may not have been the best composers compared to standards during this time, they were still able to draw in a huge audience because they gave the people what they wanted. I would not consider the narratives â€Å"insipid,† but compared to the works that came before them, they were much simpler and used language that was not considered to be as articulate. This simplicity that is encountered when reading a piece of Gothic work, though criticized, says much about how society was changing during this time. These novels significantly altered the way in which literature was composed and whom it was available to. Instead of being read by the elite few, it was accessible to pretty much anyone who could read. During this time, the percent of literate people was rising rapidly, especially in the middle class. These books appealed to these people, and sold millions upon millions of copies because of this. I think that much of the distaste that so-called â€Å"high culture† writers had for these novels is because of their success. They were extremely popular, more so than the most popular of the poets during this time. For example, Wordsworth was said to be a commercialized version of â€Å"real† poetry because it was easier to understand than many other pieces out during this time. However, he never even came close to selling as many copies of Lyrical Ballads as the Gothic writers did with their own works. For Wordsworth to criticize a genre that feeds off of the readers’ ability to comprehend seems to be extremely hypocritical of him. Also, I think that when something appeals to the masses, it is a good thing. Change cannot occur unless everyone is on the same page, and that is what the Gothic provided to the people. Finally, I would like to confront just how significant this movement is to the literature we have today. This was the first time we encounter a genre that is similar to the types of genres we see today. The Gothic genre was criticized because the novels were too alike—but that is exactly what a genre is, according to today’s standards. One could argue that the novels that are published today are not of the same caliber as novels published 50, 100, or 200 years ago. And maybe that is true, but is it necessarily bad? In my opinion, having novels that are more accessible to more people makes for a better, more unified society. Having works of literature that are too complicated, wordy, or abstract leads to more ambiguity, and eventually creates a divide among social classes. I am not saying that all written works should be easy to understand, but I do think that the Gothic novel was the first in a wave of works of literature that helped society grow more literate. Finally, scholars and everyday people were able to read and talk about the same kinds of things. Although scholars who thought they were better writers were constantly criticizing it, they could not appeal to the masses. Gothic literature had the ability to do this, and you can still see its influence in novels on shelves today. It has a definite place in literary history, and should not be overlooked. It may not have had the deepest plots or the most complicated characters, but the genre had an impact during the 18th century, and continues to have an impact today.

The History About Sexism Sociology Essay

The History About Sexism Sociology Essay Sexism is a belief or attitude that one gender or sex is inferior to or less valuable than the other and can also refer to hatred or distrust towards either gender as a whole, or creating stereotypes (Britannica Para 1). Instead of considering individual merits, many people base their opinions toward a certain gender, which often lead to biased stereotypes (Blau 57). Women are usually viewed as feeble, weak being in need of support. Throughout the history, the feminist movement fought against such deep-rooted views. As a result, it is apparent that women now have much more political representation and get higher education. The passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a small victory; however, the fight to end sexism continues until this day (Blau 64). Even though many people argue that women are now equal to men in the United State, it is not true because explicit sexism is still prevalent in the workplace, media stereotyping can be seen in most places, and gender role reinforceme nts are taught to children. The most obvious form of discrimination is the difference in financial compensation for the same, exact job specification. The Equal Pay Act came into effect in 1975 (Overall 83). It seemed like a huge transformation in the workplace where women were always paid less than their male counterparts. After the Equal Pay Act, it was considered illegal to differentiate the wages for the same work based on gender alone. Starting from the 1980s, the gap between the wages of men and women narrowed significantly. The New Earning Survey in 1980 indicates that on average, men got paid 40% more than women. In 1992, the gap had narrowed even more to 25%; however, there still is a significant wage difference in highflying jobs. (Kowaleski 184). The same survey showed that the hourly wage of women were on an average 70.9% of men in 2009 (Kowaleski 189). One very important problem is that women are usually placed on the lower ladder of work force, meaning it may be very difficult to compare the skill s and the respective salary at the same time. Simple analysis of numeral figures does not take many other factors involved in apparent sexism in modern society. Another area of prolonged sexism in the workplace is the womens chance of getting promoted to executive levels. In terms of sheer number, more women are getting jobs than ever, reaching 46% of the work force; nevertheless, only 3% of women hold chief executive position. The rate of increase in the number of women executives in the last two decades is less than 2% making women still linger on the very bottom of the socioeconomic ladder. With more women getting jobs, it encourages other women who were reluctant to move into the labor market to do the same and become more career minded. Although woman now make up 46% of the work force, only 3% of woman hold chief executive positions. This has only increased by 2% in the last 20 years (Kowaleski 202). Two US reporters writing in The Wall Street Journal coined the term glass ceiling (Blau 157). This type of discrimination varies between countries but in the United States it has legal ramifications. The United Nations has stated, in 2006, that women struggle to break through a glass ceiling and that their leadership positions remain too slow (Christopher 224). The term glass ceiling describes a perceived barrier to advancement in our society. In the United States the government funds a group called the Glass Ceiling Commission, which works to help fight the glass ceiling and they also collect statistics to look in to the rampant discrimination in American society based on gender or ethnic background. The GCC stated: Over half of all Masters degrees go to women, yet 95% of the Fortune 500 companies are men. It is a clear indication that certain stereotypes and gender biases are still hindering the equality in our society. The last form of explicit sexism in the workplace is the lack of support for child-birth and child-rearing women. The Employment Act 1978 gives women, going through pregnancy and child birth, the right to have time off with no loss of position (Overall 286). This is only given, however, to women who have a career involving full time and continuous employment and stops just 29 weeks after childbirth (Overall 287). Parental leave, flexible hours, and care of the child are left for the employer and employee to discuss. This is a very complex problem because women are most often considered the primary caregiver, making it very difficult for them to give up their maternal duties. Nursery provisions for women who want to go back to work after fulfilling their domestic duties are appalling. Only 2% of work places have nursery facilities and the male dominated government seems to think that the problem doesnt exist (Burg 43). Taking into account that most women would like to have at least on e child, there is going to be a lot of women in low paid jobs because women must carry on with many roles to perform. Women will most certainly turn to part-time employment, which means they will most likely suffer from lower job security and compensation. Many people believe women are now treated fairly equal in workplaces because they see more women working in administrative positions and in the field of politics. Although it is true that there are many laws enacted to secure better working environment, statistics and reality still demonstrate wide gap between the male and the female workers (Burg 89). As of year 2009, the number of women entering college exceeded that of men; however, proportion of men and women in the labor market, especially in the management positions, is still far from being balanced (Berg 116). Sexism in workplaces is prevalent in the modern society. Mass media is the main force to be blamed for gender stereotyping causing sexism. Women are most often portrayed as sexual objects. With the growing influence of media, young men are using women in pejorative ways to gain their masculinity. The explicit lyrics and visual stimulations used in the media are usually focused in the glorification of sexist, misogynist and patriarchal ways of thinking to attract mainstream culture. Teens blindly follow and mimic many of the ideas portrayed with sexist viewpoints (Burg 172). Sadly, the women are vastly degraded in the music industry and the music videos by being represented in a disrespectful manner with an emphasis placed only on their body. This denotes them as a sex symbol, and womens reputation will continue to deteriorate because that is what the media and culture demands (Berg 174). Not only are many well-liked songs demeaning in manner, but so are the popular videos that people watch. The television industry is a major influence of young mens minds. They learn through media that the path to masculinity remains in using women as their primary tool (Burg 189). The extent of such influence is so vast that young children mimic the vulgar actions and often consider these figures as their role models (Sexism Para. 5). The brainwashed children continue watching explicit scenes of apparent sexism believing that such sexist behavior is acceptable in society. Women, on the other hand, are also brainwashed to believe that the best way to attract men is to use the sex appeal (Sexism Para 7). Both men and women are constantly absorbed in the skewed messages sent by the mass media; this is causing unconscious gender stereotyping, leading to unceasing sexism in the modern society. Male dominance is the final factor to blame for gender stereotyping done by the mass media. People deeply involved in making music, videos, or commercials are predominately males (Burg 173). Just like workplaces, males dominate the mass media. They see everything through their perspectives and interpret them with their point of views. In films, men are usually portrayed as super-heroes and protagonists saving the world from doom or feeble counter parts from danger. Women are usually portrayed as a subordinate to men. Without central male figure at the center of the plot, woman alone cannot function properly. Girls get the latent message here believing that the Prince Charming has to rescue them from dire situations. Brainwashing and gender stereotyping can be done most effectively through the mass media and it is responsible for unceasing sexism in our society (Sexism para 4). Some argue that gender stereotyping in the media is comparable to violence. Just because the audience sees the violence, it doesnt mean that it automatically gets translated into crime. It is true in that exposure to gender stereotyping will not always lead to sexism; however, in order to reduce and prevent further acts of sexism and discrimination, the frequency and the context must be controlled very strictly. The mass media must accept more female perspectives and interpretations to portray the reality. Without active involvement from all corners of our society, sexism will not cease to exist. In order to uproot such sexism from our society, younger children must be taught properly; however, as of now, gender role reinforcements are taught in various directions to young children. Little boys and girls learn from the very early stages of their lives that certain gender roles and characteristics are expected of them. The young children get their initial ideas from what they see most often, such as parents, teachers, toys, or TV programs. Subconscious imprinting occurs throughout their childhood, and such deeply rooted stereotypes go all the way to the end of their lives (Burg 231). Certain colors represent certain gender even before birth. Pinks and pastels are most often associated with girls, while blue and green are representative of male characteristics. Toys are also predestined according to gender stereotyping. Boys are taught to play around with robots and cars. Girls are usually attracted to dolls and princesses. The packaged boxes of the plastic tool set usually por tray boys as models. Dolls and kitchen sets always have girls as models, indicating that boys are in charge of doing the outdoor activities, while girls stay home and do household chores. These seemingly unrelated gender roles are deeply ingrained in the childrens minds from the earliest stages of their lives. Stronger support of traditional child rearing methods comes from parents who insist that the old way is the best. Parents or the caregivers in the earliest stages of life influence the perspectives of their children. Many mothers, for instance, explicitly tell their children how to act in front of an opposite gender. Girls are constantly pressured to act polite, shy, or naÃÆ'Â ¯ve. Boys are pressured with certain standards, such as academic achievement, manners, or bravery. Parents and caregivers incessantly pressure their children with set standards to perform (Akrami 68). Later, when they reach certain age, women are told not to be bossy or out-spoken. At the same time, men are told take care of the weak and to take control. These stereotypical gender biases are constantly rooted to children until they become adults. (Barnette 72). Proponents of gender role reinforcements taught to children argue that it is the most basic job of the parents to teach their children the most natural state of being (Davis 34) Theres nothing wrong with teaching children how to live their life; however, forceful brainwashing or constant reinforcements regardless of the childrens unique character will definitely become a problem. The parents were educated like that from their parents. Thats probably the reason why many people blindly insist certain characters or traits to their children. Parents must realize that the world is changing. Gender stereotypes must be fixed or eradicated altogether according to the pace of change in the modern society. Thats the key to more understanding and wider scope of perspective. To sum up, sexism is alive and well in our society. It is prevalent in our society, especially in the workplace, granting only partial benefits and opportunities to women. Gender stereotypes are strongly reinforced and taught in the media and in our own homes. To accomplish an absolute equality in our society, both men and women must work together for a very long time with respect. Drastic change is very unlikely, but small changes in thoughts will definitely improve the problem of sexism and discrimination in our society.

Fiber optics and its applications

Fiber optics and its applications INTRODUCTION Nothing in the world gives us more power and confidence than having information. The ability to communicate information is essential to achieve the successful advancement of humankind. Transmission of information is imperative to the expansion of our horizons. What does this all have to do with fiber optics? This research paper will cover the basis of fiber optics in terms of its transmission, communication, origin, uses and applications. Fiber optics transports light in a very directional way. Light is focused into and guided through a cylindrical glass fiber. Inside the core of the fiber light bounces back and forth at angles to the side walls, making its way to the end of the fiber where it eventually escapes. The light does not escape through the side walls because of total internal reflection. Why is fiber optics so important? Besides being a flexible conduit that is used to illuminate microscopic objects, fiber optics can also transmit information similarly to the way a copper wire can transmit electricity. However, copper transmits only a few million electrical pulses per second, compared to an optical fiber that carries up to a 20 billion light pulses per second. This means telephone, cable and computer companies can handle huge amounts of data transfers at once, much more than conventional wires can carry. Fiber optic cable was developed because of the incredible increase in the quantity of data over the past 20 years. Without fiber optic cable, the modern Internet and World Wide Web would not be possible. WHAT IS FIBER OPTICS? Fiber optics is extremely thin strands of purified glass that carry information from one point to another in the form of light. Unlike copper wire, fiber optics does not use electricity during transmission. Optical fibers can be either glass or plastic tubing capable of transmitting light, which is then converted into sound, speech or information. Fiber optic cables transmit a digital signal via pulses of light through the very thin strands of glass. A basic fiber optic system consists of: a transmitting device, which generates the light signal, an optical fiber cable, which carries the light, and a receiver, which accepts the light signal that was transmitted. A fiber optic strand is about the thickness of a human hair, about 120 micrometers in diameter and can carry as many as 20 billion light pulses per second. The fibers are bundled together to form optical bundles, which transmit the light signals over long distances up to 50 km without the need for repeaters. Each optic fiber is made up of three main parts: The core or the centre of the optical fiber is a very thin strand of glass that carries the light signal. The cladding is the optical material which reflects the light signals back into the core. This prevents the light from escaping and allows it to travel through the fiber. The outside jacket or buffer coating is made of a plastic material that protects the optical fiber from any moisture, corrosion and external damage. There are only two types of fiber optic cable: Glass fibers, which are more common, because they allow longer distance transmission and they are more efficient. Plastic optical fibbers are used in less technical applications and are normally used in very short-length transmissions. HOW ARE OPTICAL FIBERS MADE? Optical fibers are made of very pure glass. The glass core or centre is made of silica and is purified to minimise the loss of signal. It then gets coated to protect the fibers and to contain the light signals. The light signals carried by the optical cable consist of electrical signals that have been converted or changed into light energy. The following process is followed to manufacture the optical fibers: The Manufacturing of the Preform Blank The silica must first be purified before it can be spun into glass fibers. This process takes a long time and the silica is heated to very high temperatures and then distilled to purification. The sand is heated to a temperature that will change the silica into a gaseous state. The silica will then be combined with other materials called dopants, which will react with the silica (in its gaseous state) to form the fibers. All the solid impurities are removed and the gas is cooled to form the fiber material. A process called modified chemical vapour deposition (MCVD) is used to change the glass into the preform blank. During this process oxygen is bubbled through solutions of silicon chloride (SiCl4), germanium chloride (GeCl4) and other chemicals. The gas vapours are channelled to the inside of a synthetic silica quartz tube in a special lathe to form the cladding. While the lathe rotates a burning flame is moved back and forth on the outside of the tube. The extreme heat from the burner causes the following: The silicon and the germanium react with oxygen to form silicon dioxide (SiO2) and germanium dioxide (GeO2). The silicon dioxide and the germanium dioxide settles on the inside of the tube and it fuses together to form glass. The lathe turns continuously to allow the preform blank to be coated evenly. To maintain the purity of the glass a corrosion resistant plastic is used to accurately control the flow and the structure of the mixture. This process of manufacturing the preform blank takes a couple of hours. The preform blank is cooled and is inspected for quality through an inspection and control process. Drawing fibers from the Preform Blank After testing the preform, it is placed into a fiber drawing tower. The preform blank gets lowered into a furnace and is heated between 1,900 °C to 2,200 °C until the tip starts to melt an a molten blob starts to fall down. As it drops down, it cools and forms a strand. This strand is pulled through a sequence of coating cups (buffer applicators) and curing ovens using ultraviolet light, and then coiled onto a tractor-controlled reel. This process is accurately controlled using a laser micrometer to measure the thickness of the fiber. This information is then sent back to the tractor mechanism. The tractor mechanism pulls the fibers at a rate of 10 to 20m/sec and the finished product is wound onto a spool. A spool can contain more than 2,2km of optical fiber Testing the Finished Optical Fiber Once the optical fiber is manufactured it goes through a process of testing. The following tests are done: Tensile strength The fibers must withstand 100,000 lb/in2 or more Refractive index profile Determine that the core diameter, cladding dimensions and coating diameter are uniform. Screen also for optical defects. Attenuation Determine the extent that light signals of various wavelengths degrade or reduce over certain distances. Information carrying capacity (bandwidth) the number of signals that can be carried at one time (multi-mode fibers) Chromatic dispersion Spread of various wavelengths of light through the core, this is very important for bandwidth. Operating temperature/humidity range Determines the temperature and humidity that the fiber can withstand. Ability to conduct light underwater Important for undersea cables Once t ­he fibers have passed the quality control process, they are sold to telephone companies, cable companies and network providers. Currently many companies are replacing their old copper-wire-based systems with new fiber-optic-based systems to improve speed, capacity and clarity. TYPES OF OPTICAL FIBERS There are two types of optical fibers: Single Mode Fiber Single mode fibers transmit a single data stream. The core of the glass fiber is much finer than in multi-mode fibers. Light thus travels parallel to the axis, creating little pulse dispersion. Data transmission modes are higher, and the distances that single mode fiber can cover can be over 50 times longer than multi-mode fibers. Telephone and cable television networks install millions of kilometers of this fiber every year. Multi-Mode Fiber Multi-mode fibers allow different data streams to be sent simultaneously over a particular fiber. The glass fiber has a slightly larger diameter to allow light to be sent through the fiber at different angles. An LED or laser light source is used in the 50 micron and 62.5 micron fiber optic cables. They are also used in the same networking applications. The main difference between the two is that 50 micron fiber can support 3 times the bandwidth of 62.5 micron fiber. The 50 micron fiber also supports longer cable runs than 62.5 micron cable. Simplex cable consists of only one single fiber optic strand. The data can only be transmitted in one direction. The duplex cable is made up of two fiber optic strands that run side-by-side. One strand runs from transmit to receive and the other strand joins receive to transmit. This allows communication in both directions (bi-directional) between devices. Some optical fibers can be made from plastic. These fibers have a large core (0.04 inches or 1 mm diameter) and transmit visible red light (wavelength = 650 nm) from LEDs. Due to their inferior optical properties, plastic fiber optic (POF) strands and cables are not suitable for extended data transmission. HOW DOES A FIBER OPTIC CABLE WORK? Traditionally when we sent data transmissions over copper cables we transmit electrons over a copper conductor. Fiber optic cables transmit a digital signal via pulses of light through a very thin strand of glass. The fiber strands are extremely thin, not much thicker than a human hair. The basic fiber optic transmission system consists of three basic components: Transmitter fiber optic cable receiver A transmitter is connected to the one end of the fiber cable. Electronic pulses are converted by the transmitter into light pulses and the optical signal gets sent through the fiber cable. A receiver on the other end decodes the optical signal into digital pulses. The core of the cable is surrounded by a cladding which reflects the light back into the core and eliminates light from escaping the cable. This is called total internal reflection. When light is sent through the core of a fiber optic cable, the light constantly bounces off the cladding, which is highly reflective, like a mirror-lined wall. The cladding does not absorb any light allowing complete internal reflection and allowing the light to travel far distances without losing its intensity. The discovery of lasers influenced the development of fiber optics. Lasers and LEDs can generate an enormous amount of light in a very small area, which can successfully used in fiber optics. Laser diodes are complex semiconductors that convert an electrical current into light. The process of converting the electrical signal into light is far more efficient because it generates less heat than an ordinary light bulb. Reasons for using laser diodes in fiber optics: laser diodes are very small laser diodes are highly reliable and have a long life laser diodes have high radiance laser diodes emit light into a very small area laser diodes can be turned on and off at very high speeds ADVANTAGES OF FIBER OPTICS The use of fiber optics is fast becoming the medium of choice for telecommunication systems, television transmission and data networks. Fiber optic cables have a multitude of advantages and benefits over the more traditional methods of information systems, such as copper or coaxial cables. Speed One of the greatest benefits to using fiber optic systems is the capacity and speed of such a system. Light travels faster than an electrical system which allows faster delivery and reception of information. Fiber optic cables also have a much higher capacity for bandwidth than the more traditional copper cables. Immunity to electromagnetic interference Coaxial cables have a tendency for electromagnetic interference, which renders them less effective. Fiber optics is not affected by external electrical signals, because the data is transmitted with light. Security Optical systems are more secure than traditional mediums. Electromagnetic interference causes coaxial cables to leak information. Optical fiber makes it impossible to remotely detect the signal being transmitted within the cable. The only way to do so is by actually accessing the optical fiber itself. Accessing the fiber requires intervention that is easily detectable by security surveillance. These circumstances make fiber extremely attractive to governments, banks and companies requiring increased security of data. Fire prevention Copper wire transmission can generate sparks, causing shortages and even fire. Because fiber optical strands use light instead of electricity to carry signals, the chance of an electrical fire is eliminated. This makes fiber optics an exceptionally safe form of wiring and one of the safest forms of data transmission. Data signalling Fiber optic systems are much more effective than coaxial or copper systems, because there is minimal loss of data. This can be credited to the design of optical fibers, because of the principle of total internal reflection. The cladding increases the effectiveness of data transmission significantly. There is no crosstalk between cables, e.g. telephone signals from overseas using a signal bounced off a communications satellite, will result in an echo being heard. With undersea fiber optic cables, you have a direct connection with no echoes. Unlike electrical signals in copper wires the light signals from one fiber do not interfere with those of other fibers in the same cable. This means clearer phone conversations or TV reception. Less expensive Several kilometers of optical cable can be made far cheaper than equivalent lengths of copper wire. Service, such as the internet is often cheaper because fiber optic signals stay strong longer, requiring less power over time to transmit signals than copper-wire systems, which need high-voltage transmitters. Large Bandwidth, Light Weight and Small Diameter Modern applications require increased amounts of bandwidth or data capacity, fiber optics can carry much larger bandwidth through a much smaller cable and they arent prone to the loss of information. With the rapid increase of bandwidth demand, fiber optics will continue to play a vital role in the long-term success of telecommunications. Space constraints of many end-users are easily overcome because new cabling can be installed within existing duct systems. The relatively small diameter and light weight of optical cables makes such installations easy and practical. Easy Installation and Upgrades Long lengths of optical cable make installation much easier and less expensive. Fiber optic cables can be installed with the same equipment that is used to install copper and coaxial cables. Long Distance Signal Transmission The low attenuation and superior signal capacity found in optical systems allow much longer intervals of signal transmission than metallic-based systems. Metal based systems require signal repeaters to perform satisfactory. Fiber optic cables can transmit over 100km with no active or passive processing. Even greater distances are being investigated for the future. To use fiber optics in data systems have proven to be a far better alternative to copper wire and coaxial cables. As new technologies are developed, transmission will become even more efficient, assuring the expansion of telecommunication, television and data network industries. DISADVANTAGES OF FIBER OPTICS Despite the many advantages of fiber optic systems, there are some disadvantages. The relative new technology of fiber optic makes the components expensive. Fiber optic transmitters and receivers are still somewhat expensive compared to electrical components. The absence of standardisation in the industry has also limited the acceptance of fiber optics. Many industries are more comfortable with the use of electrical systems and are reluctant to switch to fiber optics. The cost to install fiber optic systems is falling because of an increase in the use of fiber optic technology. As more information about fiber optics is made available to educate managers and technicians, the use of fiber optics in the industry will increase over time. The advantages and the need for more capacity and information will also increase the use of fiber optics. APPLICATIONS OF FIBER OPTICS As the popularity of optical fibers continue to grow, so does their applications and practical uses. Fiber optic cables became more and more popular in a variety of industries and applications. Communications / Data Storage Since fiber optics are resistant to electronic noise, fiber optics has made significant advances in the field of communications. The use of light as its source of data transmission has improved the sound quality in voice communications. It is also being used for transmitting and receiving purposes. Military Optical systems offer more security than traditional metal-based systems. The magnetic interference allows the leak of information in the coaxial cables. Fiber optics is not sensitive to electrical interference; therefore fiber optics is suitable for military application and communications, where signal quality and security of data transmission are important. The increased interest of the military in this technology caused the development of stronger fibers, tactical cables and high quality components. It was also applied in more varied areas such as hydrophones for seismic and SONAR, aircrafts, submarines and other underwater applications. Medical Fiber optic are used as light guides, imaging tools and as lasers for surgeries. Another popular use of fiber-optic cable is in an endoscope, which is a diagnostic instrument that enables users to see through small holes in the body. Medical endoscopes are used for minimally invasive exploratory or surgical procedures. Fiber optics is also used in bronchoscopes and laparoscopes. All versions of endoscopes look like a long thin tube, with a lens or camera at one end through which light is emitted from the bundle of optical fibers banded together inside the enclosure. Mechanical or Industrial Industrial endoscopes also called a borescope or fiberscope, enables the user to observe areas that are difficult to reach or see under normal circumstances, such as jet engine interiors, inspecting mechanical welds in pipes and engines, inspecting space shuttles and rockets. Inspection of sewer lines and pipes. Networking Fiber optic is used to connect servers and users in a variety of network settings. It increases the speed, quality and accuracy of data transmission. Computer and Internet technology has improved due to the enhanced transmission of digital signals through optical fibers. Industrial/Commercial Fiber optics are used for imaging in areas which are difficult to reach. It is also used in wiring where electromagnetic interference is an problem. It gets used often as sensory devices to make temperature, pressure and other measurements as well as in the wiring of motorcars and in industrial settings. Spectroscopy Optical fiber bundles are used to transmit light from a spectrometer to a substance which cannot be placed inside the spectrometer itself, in order to analyse its composition. A spectrometer analyses substances by bouncing light off of and through them. By using optical fibers, a spectrometer can be used to study objects that are too large to fit inside, or gasses, or reactions which occur in pressure vessels Broadcast/CATV/Cable Television Broadcast or cable companies use fiber optic cables for wiring CATV, HDTV, internet, video and other applications. Usage of fiber-optic cables in the cable-television industry began in 1976 and quickly spread because of the superiority of fiber optic cable over traditional coaxial cable. Fiber optic systems became less expensive and capable of transmitting clearer signals further away from the source signal. It also reduced signal losses and decreased the number of amplifiers required for each customer. Fiber optic cable allows cable providers to offer better service, because only one optical line is needed for every  ± 500 households. Lighting and Imaging Fiber optic cables are used for lighting and imaging and as sensors to measure and monitor a vast range of variables. It is also used in research, development and testing in the medical, technological and industrial fields. Fiber optics are used as light guides in medical and other applications where bright light needs to shine on a target without a clear line-of-sight path. In some buildings, optical fibers are used to route sunlight from the roof to other parts of the building. Optical fiber illumination is also used for decorative applications, including signs, art and artificial Christmas trees. Optical fiber is an essential part of the light-transmitting concrete building product, LiTraCon which is a translucent concrete building material. Conclusion With the introduction of highly transparent fiber-optic cable in the 1970s, very high-frequency laser signals now carry phenomenal loads of telephone conversations and data across the country and around the world. From surgical procedures to worldwide communication via the internet, fiber optic has revolutionised our world. Fiber optics has made important contributions to the medical field, especially with regards to surgery. One of the most useful characteristics of optical fibers is their ability to enter the minute passageways and hard-to-reach areas of the human body. But perhaps the greatest contribution of the 20th century is the combination of fiber optics and electronics to transformed telecommunications. References / Bibliography Why is fiber optics importany http://library.thinkquest.org/TQ0312432/lessons_part-04.html http://www.greatachievements.org/?id=3706

Breast Feeding Teaching Plan :: essays research papers

Teaching Plan Assessment: Subjective Information:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mother is considering breast feeding as an option, but is unsure of methods and benefits in comparison to bottle feeding. Is unsure about herself and whether or not she will be able to perform necessary tasks required to breast feed successfully. Objective Information:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mother is 34 weeks pregnant, 20 years old, gravida one, para zero, previous smoker who quit after learning of pregnancy at two months. She works part time at a church and baby-sits occasionally, while attending college classes as a full time student. Client’s Readiness and Ability to Learn:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mother is a high school graduate and also attended technical school where she learned to be a surgical technician. She is currently enrolled in more college classes and is hoping to further her education and become a Registered Nurse. Physical status is good, but mother is a little exhausted. Emotional status is that she is very ready for baby and excited about its arrival. Is ready for pregnancy to be over. Nursing Diagnosis 1. Risk for ineffective breastfeeding related to anxiety and inexperience with   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  breast feeding as evidenced by client showing signs of anxiety and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  stating that she is unsure about herself and her capability to perform   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  the necessary tasks that are needed to be successful in breast feeding. Planning 1. Learning Objectives   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A. Client will learn benefits of breast feeding as compared to bottle   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   feeding.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B. Client will learn different positions for breast feeding that may   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   make the process easier for her.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  C. Client will learn proper methods for successful breast feeding.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  D. Client will be more sure of herself and be able to make the decision   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   of whether or not to breast feed, based on newly learned   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   information. 2. Outline of Learning Content: 1. Assess clients exposure to and knowledge about breast feeding, including any misinformation she may have previously acquired. Allow time for question and answer session about any concerns she may have. 2. Demonstrate to client various breast feeding positions and allow her to practice and try them using a life-like doll. Assist her, possibly with the use of pillows, and help her to accomplish the individual positions. Continue with this until she is comfortable in performing all of the positions, and has found at least one that she thinks will work well for her and is confident in executing. 3. Show client how to initiate her baby’s rooting reflex. Also show her the proper way for her baby to grasp her nipple and nurse successfully.

LEGO and the Market for Children’s Building Blocks Essay -- Children T

†¢ Background There exists in some human beings an insatiable draw towards the unique and the unusual, as much a statement of individuality as the clothes a person wears. This attraction sometimes leads towards the hobby of collecting a set of objects. Each person has their own niche of memorabilia, often a set that reminds them of childhood fantasies or other happy times. Because these consumers have specialized needs, wanting with varying fierceness to obtain specific, rare items to complete their sets, the collectibles market makes for intriguing study, especially that dominated by LEGO—the market for a collectible children’s toy distinguished by its interlocking bricks. The LEGO Company has made itself a giant in the market for children’s toys during its existence and has used that leverage to propel itself successfully into the collectibles market. The firm began as a manufacturer of wooden toys in Denmark seventy years ago. Sales allowed the Danish company to survive, but not to thrive until it introduced in 1949 miniature plastic blocks with divots and bumps that were aligned such that they could fit into one another, and were designed for building structures. With these plastic blocks the company was able to market to all first-world countries, from North America to Western Europe, Australia, and Japan. Visualizing something and then constructing it, its creators believed, was and is an educational experience that encourages â€Å"lifelong creativity, imagination and learning,† according to their press release. Perhaps the very reason that many people now collect LEGOs is that they were indeed captivated as children with the infinite capacity of the blocks. LEGO expanded its product line in the late 1980’s by... ...th. By having examined its competitors and their successes, one now sees by contrast what LEGO is and is not. To continue setting the market standard it must maintain its current corporate direction, including repeated product updates and retirements, that was critically scrutinized here and proven to work. Indeed, ask history itself. - 10 - Works Cited â€Å"Annual Average Exchange Rates: 2001.† Spreadsheet. Bank of England. 29 Oct. 2002 . Annual Report: LEGO Company. â€Å"Annual Accounts 2001.† 2001. . Annual Report: MegaBloks Inc. â€Å"MegaBloks Quarterly Report 2002. 2002. . â€Å"The Ultimate LEGO book.† New York: DK Publishing. 1999. Heller, Richard. â€Å"(Re) Building Blocks.† Forbes. 168.13 (2001): 154. Mand, Adrienne. â€Å"Bionicle Web Chronicle.† Advertising Age. 72.33 (2001): 21. LEGO and the Market for Children’s Building Blocks Essay -- Children T †¢ Background There exists in some human beings an insatiable draw towards the unique and the unusual, as much a statement of individuality as the clothes a person wears. This attraction sometimes leads towards the hobby of collecting a set of objects. Each person has their own niche of memorabilia, often a set that reminds them of childhood fantasies or other happy times. Because these consumers have specialized needs, wanting with varying fierceness to obtain specific, rare items to complete their sets, the collectibles market makes for intriguing study, especially that dominated by LEGO—the market for a collectible children’s toy distinguished by its interlocking bricks. The LEGO Company has made itself a giant in the market for children’s toys during its existence and has used that leverage to propel itself successfully into the collectibles market. The firm began as a manufacturer of wooden toys in Denmark seventy years ago. Sales allowed the Danish company to survive, but not to thrive until it introduced in 1949 miniature plastic blocks with divots and bumps that were aligned such that they could fit into one another, and were designed for building structures. With these plastic blocks the company was able to market to all first-world countries, from North America to Western Europe, Australia, and Japan. Visualizing something and then constructing it, its creators believed, was and is an educational experience that encourages â€Å"lifelong creativity, imagination and learning,† according to their press release. Perhaps the very reason that many people now collect LEGOs is that they were indeed captivated as children with the infinite capacity of the blocks. LEGO expanded its product line in the late 1980’s by... ...th. By having examined its competitors and their successes, one now sees by contrast what LEGO is and is not. To continue setting the market standard it must maintain its current corporate direction, including repeated product updates and retirements, that was critically scrutinized here and proven to work. Indeed, ask history itself. - 10 - Works Cited â€Å"Annual Average Exchange Rates: 2001.† Spreadsheet. Bank of England. 29 Oct. 2002 . Annual Report: LEGO Company. â€Å"Annual Accounts 2001.† 2001. . Annual Report: MegaBloks Inc. â€Å"MegaBloks Quarterly Report 2002. 2002. . â€Å"The Ultimate LEGO book.† New York: DK Publishing. 1999. Heller, Richard. â€Å"(Re) Building Blocks.† Forbes. 168.13 (2001): 154. Mand, Adrienne. â€Å"Bionicle Web Chronicle.† Advertising Age. 72.33 (2001): 21.

Aeriform Manned Remote Sensing Aircrafts Engineering Essay

By and large there has ever been a hold with aeriform manned distant feeling aircrafts due to unsuitable conditions conditions. But when compared to remote-controlled aircrafts which are much more efficient and dependable, remote-controlled dirigibles can wing subjacent and at a slower velocity which can take to sharper images. These factors besides assure high definition and accurate images which are much better than other manned or remote-controlled aircrafts. This undertaking will depict about types of dirigible, basic constituents for the remote-controlled dirigible which can be used for surveillance intent, photogrammetry system. There are two types of platform for remote-controlled aerial vehicles which is recognized for function and surveillance. They are distant controlled aerial vehicle and remote-controlled dirigible. This undertaking will concentrate on the ulterior type that is remote-controlled dirigible and its application in the field of appraising and function and bes ides other Scopess. Introduction By and large in present clip, photogrammetry is done through orbiters and aircrafts which are controlled by homo. However due to revolve of orbiter, it is hard to accomplish on timely footing. Besides upwind status can impact the consequences. In add-on it is hard to carry through photogrammetry undertaking through manned aircraft in heavy cloud conditions. Hence the usage of remote-controlled aerial vehicles and remote-controlled dirigible will be good for low height photogrammetry. Unmanned dirigible can wing at low height. In add-on they do n't necessitate any landing field for take-off every bit good as landing. Besides they can wing under cloudy conditions hence cloudy conditions has no consequence on dirigible. They can be commercialized as they are cost effectual and has flexible use. Airships travel at really slow velocity which makes it possible to get more clearer and focused images. Hence dirigible can be appropriate for several undertakings such as broad country function in small towns, little towns and other assorted sites. The chief benefit of an dirigible is that it can wing every bit low as 100 metres and can wing every bit slow as 40 kilometers in an hr. Hence high quality images can be captured which can assist to acquire high truth photogrammetry. This can be good achieved by dirigible than any aircraft.AirshipsAn dirigible is an aircraft which is lighter than air. It is besides known as steerable. An airship derives its push from an engine while lift is obtained from gases which is normally helium or hot gas. There are four types of dirigible. They are stiff building, semi-rigid building, and Non-rigid building and hot air Colonel Blimps.Rigid buildingRigid dirigibles have internal stiff construction. This type of design was used in Zeppelins and USS Akron and Macon. This type of construction is made with aluminium metal which maintains the form of dirigible. Rigid dirigibles are heavy. This type is merely suited when the dirigible length is more than 100 metres. Rigid dirigible have high weight to volume ratio hence it was efficient merely for big dirigibles. Rigid dirigibles can be developed by the usage of composite construction.Semi stiff buildingSemi stiff construction had the stiff construction on the lower portion i.e. keel of dirigible and above construction was formed by envelope which was pressurized by gases. There are two methods for attaching both the part. It can be done either by straight attaching both the construction automatically or lower keel subdivision can be suspended under the pressurized envelope. This type was more celebrated in the early decennaries. The dirigible named Italia, in which General Umberto Nobile ‘s attempted to make North Pole, used this type of building type. The other popular dirigible of this type is Brazilian dirigible named Alberto Santos Dumont.Non-rigid buildingThis type of building is common in usage in present yearss. This type of dirigibles is besides known as Colonel Blimps. The building has no stiff parts except rid er cabin and the tail fives. The construction is like a big gas balloon while the form is sustained by over force per unit area from interior. Non stiff dirigibles are used in present clip for advertizement. In USA, Goodyear, Budweiser and MetLife used this non stiff dirigible for advertizement. In Europe Fuji and in India, Vodafone late used this type of Colonel Blimps.Hot air Colonel BlimpsHot air Colonel Blimps have non-rigid building but they are considered as an independent sort. This type of dirigibles is besides known as thermic dirigibles. They are derived from conventional hot air balloons. This type of dirigible was developed by adding tail fives and engine to hot air balloons. However dirigible was shortly developed, length of envelops were increased and the hot air from the propellor was used to supercharge rudder and tail fives. The chief characteristic which was developed in this type is that latest hot air Colonel Blimps sustained their form by over force per unit are a from interior in the full dirigible envelope. This characteristic was absent in the early theoretical accounts. Airships fly on the Archimedes rule which states that raising force obtained from the fluid on the organic structure immersed in to it is equal to the mass of the fluid which is displaced. The dirigible if filled with gases like H, He or hot air. This provides lift to the dirigible which is equal to mass of the displaced air as the air has high specific weight compared to the gas filled inside the envelope of dirigible. The raising features of He, H and hot air can be given by pollex regulation which states that Hot air lift Hydrogen lift Helium lift 1 three-dimensional metre 300 gms 1100 gms 1000 gms 1000 three-dimensional pess 20 lbs 66 lbs 60 lbs These informations allows the alteration in tallness, humidness and temperature. Based on the demand, the volume of gas inside envelope can be increased or decreased to keep a peculiar height. Unlike hot air balloons, dirigibles have engine which helps to maneuver dirigible. Hence they are non much affected by impacts of air current. Helium expands as the tallness additions. It provides maximal lift to airship nevertheless engines besides increase lift along with ability to maneuver. Latest dirigibles are designed in a manner that they are able to execute low velocity tactic. They can be handled by little land squad. Latest unmanned dirigible can work independently and besides has the ability to vibrate over a peculiar country, which is a cardinal benefit for its usage in surveillance and function at lower height and communicating relay on higher heights. Research is carried out to develop remote-controlled dirigible which is believed to cheap permutations to satellite communicating.Basic constituentsThe chief constituents for the remote-controlled dirigible used for the photogrammetry at low height are winging platform, image detectors and informations processing system. Flying platform – it by and large comprise of remote-controlled He filled dirigible, flight control system ( car pilot ) , planetary placement system and besides land systems for communicating. Auto pilot, land system and remote-controlled dirigible are used to obtain safe and unafraid flight platform and besides for image sensor impact during aerial path. Whereas planetary placement system is incorporated to get accurate geographical co-ordinates of the location or site. High truth control can be obtained through T usage of planetary placement system hence a differential planetary placement system or individual point GPS can be used. Differential GPS is an augmentation to GPS which uses land station to convey the difference between the places shown by known location and the place obtained through orbiters. While individual point placement means the appraisal of the co-ordinates of a point on Earth, it can be on sea or land, in context to a specific co-ordinate system. Single point placement is calculated by comparing measuring from unknown co-ordinates with a known co-ordinate. Imaging sensors- imagination detectors has particular apparatus. It has broad angle camera which is really advantageous in appraising undertaking and besides in low height marks. It has four cameras which helps in bettering efficiency and besides increase image scope by 4 creases. In add-on it besides helps in geting high ratio 3 dimensional image which improves the truth of tallness measurings. Data processing system- photogrammetry system for remote-controlled dirigible at low height involves three stairss. First making a flight program harmonizing to operator ‘s demand and within the restriction of dirigible. Second winging an dirigible to designated country with the imagination equipment and geting images and in conclusion production of photogrammetric reappraisal and DEM and DOM by treating the obtained imagesPlatformUnmanned airship platform is accepted agencies for mapping. The demand for photogrammetry flight are that the tallness can be anyplace between 50 to 1000 metres and velocity in the scope of up to 50 kilometers per hr. The warhead of remote-controlled dirigible will be about 50 kgs and therefore size of the dirigible will be moderately little. Unmanned dirigible may hold remote pilot which will so hold manual remote operation along with car scheduling and car control maps. A simple constructed two dimensional platform is by and large constructed to mai ntain the camera detectors in the perpendicular place in mention to its optical axis. In China, remote-controlled He dirigible has been developed. This remote-controlled dirigible has assorted constituents such as commanding platform, pre-programmed flight commanding device, transmittal concatenation and land control monitoring system, station for berthing and In-field equipment for recycling of He gas which besides includes cartridges of He. This system integrated appropriate stable hardware intermixing platform. The main features are that this platform is light weight, little sized and recognized stable platform. In add-on the commanding system of this dirigible ‘s platform comprises of control system on land and there is speedy transportation of informations and even panel is charged quickly.Imaging detectorAn ultra-wide angle camera is built by the usage of four digital cameras, each in a different optical axis designed to obtain wider scope and better imaging capablenesss. The four digital cameras have particular design to hold overlapping sectors so that f our images from these cameras have high truth in footings of accommodation of comparative alliance constituents between these cameras. This will besides guarantee compensation of mistakes due to aircraft building and mechanical construction. After compensation, mistake can be reduced to 0.4 pels which is sort of really accurate image. This method is of import for remote-controlled dirigible as it helps to cut down the overall weight of imaging system. All the four cameras are calibrated accurately to counterbalance against any geometrical optical change. The chief advantages in utilizing extremist broad angle cameras are The increased efficiency to obtain big framed images at really low height flight Accuracy in height finding between any terrain and the land degree. Normal digital cameras are used in remote-controlled dirigible because of the weight factor and besides to guarantee that the system and package in remote-controlled dirigible are non complicated and are kept every bit easy as possible to avoid any ambiguity due to failure. The truth of stabilisation platform is low nevertheless this imagination system can bring forth high declaration images due to low height winging. In entire maintaining advantage and disadvantages in to consideration, it is acceptable that remote-controlled dirigible is more suited for photogrammetry, aerial study, monitoring and big country function. The broad angle camera system used for low height weighs about 15 kgs and hence it is really suited and meets the standard for this visible radiation and comparatively smaller remote-controlled aerial vehicles and remote-controlled dirigible. This remote-controlled dirigible is 20 metres in length and with diameter of 5 metres. Loading is designed to the weight of 50 kgs. It can travel up to tallness of 1000 metres with the velocity of 40-50 kilometers per hr and the continuance of flight will be 3 hours. This dirigible can defy the air current at the degree of 6 which is shown in figure. The imagination detector of this low winging remote-controlled dirigible can get images with 0.1 metre declaration at an height of 500 metres and 0.05 metre declaration at an height of 300 metres. The imaging detectors can take images in 0.6 square kilometre country at an height of 300 metres. This means that in an hr this dirigible can cover country of 30 square kilometers. The combination of four digital cameras which signifiers broad angle camera system is shown in figure Low height camera system includes the ultra-wide angle camera formed by the combination of four camera used at low heights, control system for clip fluctuation and stable platform which is shown in figure The combination system for camera besides ensures truth in height measuring and besides calibrates the cameras on its ain. The benefits of utilizing four camera combinations in topographic point of individual camera system can be seen in the tabular array which compares both types of system. Camera type Four camera system Single camera system Largest frame of image 11750 Ten 5504 4368 Ten 2912 Field angle/ grade of image 124 X 100 72 X 52 124 X100 Focal length/ millimeter 25 25 Flight control system package controls the land station every bit good as dirigible. It includes execution of designed way and independent pilotage.Aircraft flight programFlight program includes informations transition from calculated of acquired informations, standardisation of informations and job related to visual image of informations.Preparation of flight programPreparation is to be done to get cognition about local terrains, clime, and humidness of air, conditions conditions, air current alteration etc. at a peculiar clip, and usage of distant feeling informations or map, location of the part and latitude and longitude from GPS system. The information of terrain is used to gauge the safe tallness for dirigible while weather status clime and air current affects flight public presentation.Visual image of way informationsThe path should be planned if possible in manner such that flight is in analogue to air currents particularly in monsoon where the air currents are really strong. If parallel flight program is non possible so path should be planned in a manner that strong air currents are avoided. This strong air current can blockade flight and can impact place of dirigible and besides affect the image quality. The needed information is fed in to flight control package. The package generates the graphical interface for the path after the transition of informations. Overlap maps with the generated graphical interface by the package based on the demand of the path in the peculiar country. The path can be designed to be accurate and secured by adding manner points along with the GPS points. While be aftering height, choice of imaging detector is an of import standard. Altitude is to be planned harmonizing to demands. To get images of terrain, hill or township zone, the scope of low height broad angle camera can be given as 2H ten 2H. The acquisition of the image along the flight path can be in the interval of 1.6 H. the nucleus image can be of better quality with declaration of more than 0.2 meters if the tallness H is 300 meters and the images along the path are overlapped by 25 % with the neighboring path image and the interval of exposure is kept 0.4HUnmanned dirigible operations demandsUnmanned dirigible used for photogrammetry system is high engineering winging system. Hence this undertaking requires a proper planning to guarantee the lastingness of undertaking. The chief facet in developing this undertaking will be effectual planning, execution and examination. All the facet must be taken attention. The factors to be considered for this undertaking are Performance of undertaking Administrative planning Development of operation Effective program for all stages of the undertaking Quality confidence Hazard involved and preventative stepExecutionExecution of undertaking can be ensured by sing following stairss: Approach based on needed equipment. All the compulsory and needed equipment must be installed. Pre-flight readying which includes cheques on dirigible, proper proportion of He and proper operation of installed constituents. All the equipment such as distant accountant, detector equipment, land equipment, communicating equipment etc. are to be checked before the dirigible is send on to the class. Execution of the informations acquisition and photogrammetry procedure Once the undertaking is accomplished, the dirigible must be brought back to the land station and should be decently landed. Care activitiesMonitoringThe dirigible flight must be monitored on all the stages and record must be maintained against the status encountered. This is really indispensable for the safety of whole operation. This monitoring procedure increases the aid to supply proficient support. Datas obtained must be kept in database with proper certification so that any old status can be monitored easy.Image informations processing and Photogrammetry procedureChinese academy of appraising and function has developed package known as MAP-AT i.e. modern aerial triangulation package. This package deals with the current cameras, digital cameras and low height cameras. This package computes overlap, angle, graduated table of images etc. This package besides computes the atilt exposure, perpendicular aerial images, complex multiple mention photographical images way. Large sector beam alterations can be made up to 10000 images automatically by the usage of triangulation web through multiple vision image matching. Digital lift theoretical account ( DEM ) and digital orthoimage ( DOM ) can be created by this package with the aid low high declaration images obtained at low height and precise aerial place. A particular plan is developed which is known as aerial triangulation. The main features of this package are: – General digital cameras are calibrated to high preciseness for any geometrical mistakes by this plan This plan uses the combination of informations from GPS and acquired image to develop geographical relation in the designed flight program along the flight program and environing boundaries. This plan automatically selects and calculates all the points in the trigon web. figure Huge block alterations solve the geometrical relation of acquired images in multiple positions with the aid of least square standard method. This plan automatically detects any harsh inaccuracies with the aid of legion terminated observations. This plan calculates the consequence from the regulator points and positioning elements to get mapping declaration of 1:1000, 1:1500 or 1:2000 graduated tables. Figure point 3 Figure point 4 MAP-AT package has four constituents, they are: Automatic aerial triangulation Automatic digital surface theoretical accounts production Automatic digital lift theoretical account production Automatic digital orthophoto map productionDigital surface theoretical account ( DSM ) productionDigital surface theoretical accounts are geographical charts of the Earth ‘s surfaces, over which necessary informations can be overlapped, which give accurate geometrical orientation frame. Apart from the geographical landform, characteristics like edifices, roads, seas, forest etc. are besides incorporated in digital surface theoretical accounts. DSM is used to develop 3 dimensional maps, systems based on support site, enhance practical environment and line of sight rating. In add-on, DSM can besides be used to attest that geographical maps along with other maps such as main roads and roadways have high preciseness and their truth can be ensured.Digital Elevation Models ( DEMs ) productionThe acquired multi directional images after aerial triangulation are re arranged automatically to be divided into simple parts as in the normal Orthodox photogrammetry. After that, image fiting automatically generates the DSM in each unit. In this procedure, manual operation is required to divide specific location point such as points on the edifice to bring forth digital lift theoretical account. Fully established Digital lift theoretical account is made by associating all the units.Digital orthophoto map production ( DOM )Based on the consequences obtained from digital lift theoretical account and the alignment unit, digital orthophoto map are automatically produced. Merely the in-between part of image is taken to be converted into orthophoto image as most of the image imbrication is obtained from picture taking in the winging way. Several researches have been carried out in the function system for remote-controlled aerial vehicles by carry oning several experiments. An experiment was conducted on agribusiness country of 40 square kilometers and from the tallness of 1000 metres for the production of digital orthophoto map. The consequences produced a preciseness of standard 1:2000 DOM. This DOM was so used for disposal of land. Similarly digital orthophoto map of graduated table 1:500 was applied to urban planning within 1 square kilometre country. In add-on, an experiment was carried out for the intent of 3 D metropolis modeling in the country of 60 square kilometers incorporating more than 20,000 blocks. This consequence can be examined in practical world plan and besides this theoretical account proved helpful in urban planning. These experiments show that when this system is incorporated in dirigible so it can be used in assorted Fieldss.ApplicationUnmanned dirigible used for low height photogrammetry is an of import assistance for 3 dimensional informations acquisition. The remote-controlled dirigible has advantages of observing high menace zones such as fire in wood or any other risky state of affairs.It is cost effectual and it does non necessitate much cost for its fabrication, its operation every bit good as care. It is dependable manner to reassign images every bit good as other informations on timely footing. It is strong encouragement to remote feeling from orbiters and besides from general aerial vehicles. A really strong web can be established by the coordination of all these systems. These systems can set up a monitoring web which can run into to current fleet economic growing. Menaces and other undertakings have increased and to get by up with them, these webs can be utile. In other words these are necessary for clip reactive characteristic of exigency control. Conventional picture taking is ever dependent on the landing field and atmospheric conditions. It is besides expensive and its cost additions with long continuance which restricts the development of the digital photogrammetry in big graduated table geographics. Operators by and large use full range informations acquisition methods for smaller country of less than 20 square kilometers for geographic function undertaking. The remote-controlled dirigible used for the photogrammetry system has a speedy reaction and are really cost effectual in footings of imaging cameras. The imagination detectors are dependable and by puting the aperture of lens and shutter velocity, their truth can be increased. The package for processing of image besides improves the quality of images. The digital cameras which are used as broad angle camera can better the quality to acquire right coloring material by puting the sensitiveness ISO. The puting such as contrast, brightness and other characteristic can as sist to acquire better consequences in cloudy or dim light status to acquire high definition coloring material images. Hence even little scope of country can bring forth high quality digital images in big scale geographic function intent. This helps in increasing efficiency and cut down work burden. The images from aerial picture taking can be worked at workstation and consequences can be obtained. This photogrammetry system can be used to obtain digital orthophoto map ( DOM ) , digital line graphic ( DEM ) , digital terrain theoretical account ( DTM ) , digital surface theoretical account ( DSM ) and other theoretical accounts. With the development of remote-controlled dirigible used for photogrammetry system at low highs, it will be extensively used in function and appraising in assorted Fieldss as environmental land study, exigency reaction function, meteoric, marine and assorted other Fieldss.