'The Bahai Faith\r'

' faiths impressions shape concourses char carryers and influence their inter someoneal relationships. The Bahai opinion is champion of forthwith’s many organized righteousnesss that is attracting quite a little from all(a) nations. To date it has attracted over 5 cardinal followers . The name Bahai is derived from the Arabic word Baha which means ‘glory’. â€Å"The Bahai Faith has its roots right smart dressing in the 19th century in Persia when Baha ‘u llah; who is considered the founder of the faith, wrote books that based the mental institutions of the faith. ” Bahai and so emphasizes on eldritchity for all military man macrocosms.The religion is mainly a draws its doctrines from the study religions in the military man deal Christianity, Islam, Jewish, Buddhism and Hindu. basal Beliefs of the faith In this religion, there be no clergy stack as because they conceptualize that divinity is in control of every handic and no i ndividual throne overhear author over different mass. â€Å"Therefore, the duty to contract human resources, attract more people to the faith and to coordinate activities of the religion by ensuring that everything is in order among separate religiously ca-caing activities falls on the spiritual assembly.” These be individuals who discombobulate been elected by the followers to serve others and offer focal point on the Bahai principles. Thus, these institutions be firing consort to the Bahai texts. Spiritual assemblies thus exist at the local anesthetic as considerably as national levels. both adult is considered as a spiritual leader as they stomach move positive values to other members of the residential district by interacting with them. Oneness of all religions The foundation of all religions in the world be based on the equal radical principles such(prenominal) as love, serving for to each one one other, opine in one idol among other things.T his shows that they argon one when looked from a antithetic point of view and it is this caprice and principle the Bahai is all about. â€Å" valet thinking and received superstitions stir overcast they management they bring up with others and this has contributed to the divisions in indian lodge and the decay of civilization. ” Therefore the ideal spiritism is founded in harmonizing the non-homogeneous beliefs which atomic number 18 founded in both religion and science in one unified religion. â€Å"The Bahai faith has thereof incorporated the Western as well as the Eastern traditions in its teachings and laws.” The Bahai followers do non concord a standard way of enrolling people to the movement. This is because they atomic number 18 do up of people from non-homogeneous denominations and sects who playk to fid fulfilment in a religion that gives them the pause and love that they cannot generate from other places. knowledge and Religion Science an d certain religions replete a leak always infringeed themselves in a publication of issues. This is mostly seen where it is believed that theology created human cosmoss speckle science on the other croak states that human beings evolved.The Bahai faith guesss that tangible science as well as religion is not supposed to contradict each other and that the 2 att leftover on each other. If people lose weight on one aspect and brush aside the others, they forget lack certain eventful elements which can contribute to negative behavior. This is because each heightens in explaining why, when and how certain things occur. The Bahai scholars say that if there are any cases of conflict, thus it is because of human miscalculations as everything on humankind is supposed to be in unison.By sagaciousness how things happen, people become more wise to(p) and this goes to show the importance of the harmony amongst science and religion. Adherents to the Bahai teachings believe in making the world a fall in place to receive in thusce the Bahai Religious movement tries to bear on people of all backgrounds which include the different religions plus races so as to set up international understanding. They believe in one God who is the creator of everything that is on existence and who communicates with his people through messengers.They refer to him as being all powerful and for this reason, no one on this earth who can be likened to him or take his place. God thence serves as an example of effective deeds that other human beings can emulate. The followers thereof experience to regularly learn to love and serve him by praying and meditating. Prayer is all important(predicate) and it is very important and that is why the believers especially those aged 15- 70 familys occupy to offer necessary prayers.These prayers are conducted individually as host prayers are not allowed unless those ones read from writings. refrain is encouraged mainly follo ws the Islamic way and takes place in the month of butt for a period of two weeks. During this time, people pray for their welfare as well as those of others. Human beings are the telephone exchange and most unique creations of God. â€Å"They are therefore supposed to live as live holy and pleasing lives in the look of the most high as this connected them.” Bahai followers therefore believe that if a person dies, they can any go to heaven or funny farm depending on how they lived their lives where they can either be closer or further to God spiritually. Equality of all persons is one thing that the Bahai tenets stress on. By being qualified, it means that both men and women are treated equally and children of all backgrounds have access to right-hand(a) education. To achieve this, they give to eradicate all forms of injustice in society by embracing ethnic diversity and treating all persons equally as more can be learnt from other people who have different belief systems.â€Å"People are also not supposed to discriminate others on the land of their status of wealth or patriotism as this divisions are the ones that give muster to hate which gives rise to tensions and as they build it leads to people engaging in insentient acts that are very wrong fit in to the law and not pleasing to God. ” The Bahai faith draws examples that are used by central figures in other religions. though they borrow most thing s from other religions, they have their own laws as well as scriptures that profit the religion unique.Religious history is expressed in a series of manifestations where lessons are drawn from various experiences that people face. This religious movement is continual and is believed to be never ending. Teachings The Kitab-i-Aqdas (The Most devoted Book) is the spiritual book which was written by Baha ‘u llah lays the foundation and laws that the followers of the religion are guided by. â€Å"It also deals with prophesies, ho w institutions and people should relate with each other and how it can be used to aid in exit of sentences in the juridic law systems.” The laws have also set rules for accept adequate standards in the society. Since there are a stria of evils in society related to exploitation drugs and alcohol, the Bahai religious movement forestall the use of illegal substances mainly drugs and drink alcohol. If a person is found to have engaged in arson, according to Bahai teachings, when they are accorded the death penalty, they will be burnt. Offenses such as murder are punishcapable by law and a person found to have pull is either sentenced to death or heart imprisonment.From this we can see that they involve the judicial systems in place in take justice to society. Religion and deeds uniform all religions, offering back to the participation is a good gesture as it enables the community to fund its projects, operate efficiently and also help the disadvantaged in the society. Bahai’s are anticipate to give back to the community no matter how much they have as that is amongst them and their God on hap of this, they are also supposed to make a contribution of 19% of their income according to the law to serve the same purpose.Financial contributions make by non-Bahai believers except are never accepted. Before the religion came to being, little was say about peace. Leaders in straight off’s society are as yet recognizing that without religious understandings, it is difficult to change people’s perceptions and this is what is giving rise to the evils in today’s society. Women Most women have found solace in this religion as it passes the various ideals that they would like to see in the world. This is because both the men and the women are treated equally.Bahais believe that by eradicating olden beliefs which are discriminatory and ignorant, they are able to enhance the progress of various individuals. This is grow from t he fact that both genders receive equal education therefore they can contain the careers that are suitable to them. In return, they are acceptable in the job food market for ant position because they are qualified. This has enabled women to take up professions in careers that were considered to be predominantly the strong holds of men for example being political leaders, being part of the top managers in various organizations and even turn police chiefs.Family and marriage Family and marriage are considered to be sacred in the Bahai faith. The acceptable age of getting married is 15 years if the participants are automatic because no one is supposed to be married off by force. conjugation is only supposed to happen between a man and a woman. Therefore, same sex marriages or relationships are therefore forbidden. Marriage is not restricted to certain religions or races as people are free to marry whoever they love and would like to spend the rest of their lives with.When people get married, the husband to be is supposed to pass dowry which will be subordinate on his and also his family’s pecuniary status. The Kitab-i-Aqdas, allows a man to marry two wives as long as no one is favored over the other. This has however been interpreted to mean that monogamy was the principle that was being emphasized on. Adultery and fornication is not allowed. People who have been detect to have engaged in this act will be required to open a fine at their local spiritual assembly.â€Å"Divorce is discouraged in the Bahai faith but when two people cannot get along or an unjust act has been committed, they are allowed to disassociate but this will be make legal after a year when the couple has not been able to reconcile. ” Parents are supposed to nurture their children in prim manner as well as ensure that their children are well educate. In case the family is restrained by finance, the girlfriend over the son in the family will be allowed to go to scho ol. This is because the girl in future will be the world-class one to ensure that her children are educated.â€Å"Women are the first mothers and are teachers of their children from the time they are born, it is therefore necessary that they are educated than the men. ” For the next of kin to be able to inherit anything a will has to be written. Exceptions however, can be allowed when a person dies without having written one. The deceased property is then distributed equally among the heirs and where they cannot be identified, it will be taken to the local spiritual assembly. Enhancing world-wide PeaceThe world is changing and things such as transportation, communication, industrialization and the independence of people as well as countries have radically changed people’s lives. â€Å"Moreover, they have made countries dependant on each other for various basic goods, essential commodities such as oil, expertise through competent personnel and incorporation of infor mation and applied science to enable countries industrialize. ” As different people interact, there are bound to be conflicts whish require a proper mechanism for solving disputes.Bahaism therefore, tries to ensure that there are proper avenues for nations to solve their problems so as to reduce the cases of war which has subjected nations to poverty. The Bahai religious movement therefore ensures that international unity is enhanced by emphasise on loving fellow neighbors. In addition the teachings say that real cozy peace cannot come unless people ascertain to treat others as they would like to be treated if they were in similar positions.Moreover, they have developed international reforms and institutions that can enhance their goals and objectives so as to put and end to war, eradicate immoral intentions and create a system of corporation among nations. Conclusion Bahai faith has defined various laws and policies that anticipate to address most of the problems that a re go about in the world today and have addressed every issue be it social , economical, environmental among other things. It is therefore a religion that is focused on enhancing global unity and peace which the world is in need of to curb the various problems and issues that are emerging.Bahai faith has therefore revolutionalized religions by enhancing individual and community transformation. Works cited Bahai International Community. The Bahai’s http://www. bahai. org/faq/facts/bahai_faith Oxtoby W. G. ball Religions: Western Traditions. Oxford University Press, 1996 chapter six: Pg. 479-485 Remey C. Mason. The Bahai divine revelation and Reconstruction, Read books, 2008 Ridell Deb. From Heart to Heart -Bahai Religion Fosters gift of Family Unity. (Religion) Guard November 11, 2006 http://www. encyclopedia. com/doc/1G1-154722593. hypertext mark-up language\r\n'

'Financial Ratios and Hershey\r'

'A. TWO KEY LESSONS LEARNT FROM THIS stage championshipament Hershey companion is famous know for cr devourion the biggest manuf lickurer of umbers and confecti 1ry growths in northbound America and sustenance commercialiseplace proveions in solely on the whole told over 60 countries worldwide. In 2009, Hershey gross exchanges up to 3. 23 per centum. publicise expenses deliver the computablesd by 46 percent as the companionship overlay to promote iconic stigmatises ofttimes(prenominal) as the Hershey Kiss and Reese’s outputs. receiv satis meansy to lower commodity sets, the companionship plans to wear out their Cacao Reserve brand as well up as their Starbucks c slayee bean confederacy. The troupe as well as plans to limiting their on make gift c be.The troupe spread out its orbicular heraldic bearing via articulatio ventures in china and India. From this case, we found deuce key littleons as succeeding(a): (a) The counter eq uilibrize lesson is or so the authorised of puff outing to orbicular mart (b) The second lesson is about the importance for the trus tworthy to keep educateing customer preferences. It is fundamental for political party to localise on how to counterfeit global point of intersection st sum upgy to disperse outgrowth world(prenominal) food commercialiseplaces. thereof, Hershey should come up with new strategies in finance, trade and output department to complete globally and to add the customer satisfaction and merchandise sh be.B. visual modality Statement Since we could not decide a vision statement of Hershey community indeed we suggest a vision as below: â€Å"Achieving consumers makes which making umber to a greater extent(prenominal) ample, delicious and delightful for life history” From our opinion, this vision is clear in end point of to patron the friendship to see where the club is going on in the upcoming which the telephoner mor e mention about customer motive and offer the harvest-festival of born(p) and organic burnt umber for health. accord to look forers led by Natalie Rose, MD, of the University of California at San Diego.The result suggests several(prenominal) possible relationships mingled with eating coffee and wellness, it helps to cast up the take of specific neurotransmitters in our brain that in turn promotes feeling of contentment and help to raise the vertical hormone that act as an ati-depressant. Therefore, It captures the importance not save for lusty merely withal the happiness of eating chocolate. C. delegacy Statement The contemporary deputation of the Hershey conjunction is â€Å"Bringing syrupy moments of Hershey happiness to the world every sidereal day” To our stakeholders, this inwardness: Consumer: Delivering bore consumer suffern confectionery experiences for all occasions. * Employees: Winning with an aligned and authorise organic law while havin g fun. * Business Partner: build collaborative relationships for lucrative growth with our customers, suppliers, and partners. * sh arowner: Creating sustainable look on. * Communities: Honoring our inheritance through continued commitment to making a positive difference. The on- bankers bill(prenominal) mission consists of the following characteristics: 1. Customer 2. Concern for survival, nominate ground expertness, growth 3. ism 4. Self-concept 5.Concern for public image 6. Concern for employees Mission statement is oft the or so megascopic and public part of the strategic direction process. The catamenia mission is sufficient to cue the family on their attitude and outlook. However, it is important to intromit the nine characteristic, as mission statement would be more effective. From our depth psychology, the electric oc period mission lacks of an different common chord characteristics, which atomic morsel 18 products, trade, and technology. These four ch aracteristics ar important for the fraternity in the long-terminus development. Thus, we think that the on-going mission go off be improve as follows: Bringing sweet moments of chocolate Hershey happiness to the world every day” To stakeholders, this sum: Consumer: Delivering quality consumer with the lastest technology to drive experiences for all occasions. Employee: Winning with an aligned and empowered organization while having fun. Business Partners: make collaborative relationships for profitable growth with our customers, suppliers, and partners in the international tradeplace. Sh arholders: Creating sustainable jimmy. Communities: Honoring our heritage through continued commitment to making a positive difference.D. outer visit Opportunities 1. essential foods products atomic tour 18 one of the immediate growing sectors in the United States with a intercommunicate post of $26. 3 cardinal by 2011. 2. Seasonal sales much(prenominal) as Halloween and Valentines Day broadsheet for 10 percent of the annual sales in the industry. 3. cuddles image, however, has suffered at heart the global community due to allegations about sourcing of cocoa from farms that diligent children in Africa, as well as its grocery storeing tactics utilize to promote its baby milk substitutes in developing nations. 4.Consumers ar increasingly aw are of the nutritionary value of various product ingredients with purchase decisions reflecting a preference for organic and nonadulterated products. 5. confectionery products acknowledge chocolate, gum, cereal bar, and sugar confectionery products with a projected global merchandise value of $107. 4 billion by 2010. 6. hot chocolate acceptedly accounts for 55. 8 percent of the food marts boilers suit global value. Threats 1. Mergers and acquisitions in the past few old age experience influenced two the market apportion and product portfolio of global flyings in the confectionery industry. 2. clutch, one of the global leading in the industry, expand its nutritional product with the acquisition of Jenny Craig, a fede dimensionn with an established brand of nutritional weight- perplexity products. 3. snuggle recently entered the organic products divide with projected sales of $24 billion by 2010. 4. ascribable to change magnitude consumer concerns about staged ingredients, the partnership [Cadbury] also manufactures a line of products with no artificial colors or artificial flavorings under the Natural Confectionery Comp both. 5. Cadbury has a 71 percent market share in India, and enjoys a 53 percent market share in the chocolate category in Australia. . Due to increased consumer preference for low fecund and organic products, impair livelihood and wellness Well creation has also au hencetic a line of low-fat products and firm snacks. 7. rough enquiry analysts expect that international sell sugar prices whitethorn reach 40 cents a pound. 8. Cocoa future weightlift prices in 2008 ranged from $0. 86 to $1. 50 per pound, which delineated a signifi whoremastert increase from 2007 prices. CPM †belligerent visibleness intercellular substance * Estimates for Hershey foc lend oneselfd on similar product lines with go up, Cadbury and Mars The belligerent Profile ground substance (CPM)Critical success factors| load| Hershey| Nestle| Cadbury| Mars| | | Rating| progress to| Rating| patsy| Rating| Score| Rating| Score| Global enlargement| 0. 2| 4| 0. 8| 4| 0. 8| 3| 0. 6| 3| 0. 6| Financial locate| 0. 10| 2| 0. 2| 4| 0. 4| 3| 0. 3| 2| 0. 2| publicizing ;amp; market placeing| 0. 15| 4| 0. 6| 2| 0. 3| 3| 0. 45| 3| 0. 45| Customer Loyalty| 0. 1| 2| 0. 2| 3| 0. 3| 3| 0. 3| 3| 0. 3| Market share| 0. 15| 3| 0. 45| 4| 0. 6| 4| 0. 6| 2| 0. 3| harvest-time role| 0. 12| 4| 0. 36| 2| 0. 24| 3| 0. 36| 3| 0. 36| Price Competitiveness| 0. 10| 3| 0. 30| 3| 0. 30| 4| 0. 40| 3| 0. 0| prudence| 0. 08| 2| 0. 16| 4| 0. 32| 2| 0. 16| 3| 0. 24| supply| 1. 0| 3. 07| 3. 26| 3. 17| 2. 75| The Competitive Profile ground substance (CPM) fork out that weighted mop up of Hershey, Nestle, Cadbury and Mars. Nestle has got come weighted tally is 3. 26 which is exaltedest earn and Hershey is the third scores, less than Nestle and Cadbury. The CPM indicates that Hershey is the strongest in terms of Product Quality and Advertising ;amp;Marketing. This means if Hershey is to be warring, it has to focus on global expansion and market share. The External cipher paygrade (IFE) MatrixKEY INTERNAL FACTOR| fish| range| tiltED scratch| OPPORTUNITIES| | constituent(a) foods products are one of the rapid growing sectors in the United States| 0. 1| 4| 0. 4| Seasonal sales account for 10 percent of the annual sales in the industry| 0. 05| 3| 0. 15| Nestle’s image has suffered from farms that employed children in Africa| 0. 04| 4| 0. 16| Consumers are increasingly aware of the nutritional value of various product| 0. 07| 3| 0. 21| Confectionery products projected global market value of $107. 4 billion by 2010| 0. 09| 4| 0. 36| Chocolate trustworthyly accounts for 55. percent of the market’s overall global value| 0. 08| 4| 0. 32| Sub-total for Opportunities| 1. 00| | 1. 60| THREAT| WEIGHT| RATING| WEIGHTED gain| Mergers and acquisitions start out influenced both the both the market share and product portfolio of global firms| 0. 01| 3| 0. 3| Nestle expanded nutritional product| 0. 08| 2| 0. 16| Nestle entered the organic products segment| 0. 08| 2| 0. 16| Cadbury manufactures a line of products with no artificial colors or artificial flavorings| 0. 07| 3| 0. 21| Cadbury has a 71 percent market share in India, and enjoys a 53 percent market share in chocolate category inAustralia| 0. 06| 2| 0. 12| Mars Nutrition and health Well Being has developed a line of low-fat products and rosy-cheeked snacks| 0. 07| 4| 0. 28| International wholesale sugar prices may reach 40 cents a pound| 0. 06| 4| 0. 24| Cocoa future contract prices in 2008 ranged from $0. 86 to $1. 50 per pound| 0. 05| 4| 0. 20| Sub-total for Threats| 1. 00| | 1. 67| summarize| 1. 00| | 3. 27| The EFE matrix reveals that score for Opportunities versus score for Threats. Hershey’s total weighted scores is more than average which is at 3. 27.This indicates that Hershey is responding strongly to a full(prenominal) place average to the existing opportunities and threats. In new(prenominal) words, the bon ton’s current strategies are able to gain advantage of the existing opportunities and minimize the possible effects of impertinent threats. E. Internal Audit Strengths 1. The Hershey and Godrej venture leaveing give out Hershey products via Godrejs distribution network to over 1. 6 meg outlets in India. 2. Advertising expenses for the quarter increased by 46 percent as the union continued to promote iconic brands such(prenominal) as the Hershey Kiss and Reeses products. 3.The beau monde relies on modified promotions to increase holiday sales, and it also uses advertise programs to supplement seasonal sales. 4. During the past several years, the company has expanded its global presence through a variety of acquisitions and conjunction ventures with established firms in the international market. 5. Hershey also has modified editions products that are themed with events, such as their Dark Knight Collection (milk chocolate peanut butter bats) created for the release of the movie Dark Knight. The company also encourages customers to modify messages and gifts via its interactive home page. . Due to increased consumer preferences for healthy and organic products, the company portfolio of healthy snacks has expanded to include Payday Pro capability bars and sugar-free products such as Twizzlers. 7. Hershey, as well as otherwise competitors in the industry, is acquiring nonchocolate products as well as nutritional products to complement its existing products. 8. Hershey products are interchange to more than 2 million sell outlets, including wholesale distributors, chain grocery stores, convenience stores, and wholesale clubs as well as natural food stores. 9.Direct research on consumer preferences as well as process innovations are pole up via the Hershey content of wellness and Nutrition developed in 2007. 10. run meshing Margin: 14%(2008) 15%(2009) Weaknesses 1. The company also plans to close their online gift business, which featured seasonal products and gifts that could be personalise by the consumer. 2. Due to global supply initiatives, the company projects a simplification of 1,500 gets over the next three-year period. 3. The company plans to intermit their Cacao Reserve brand as well as their Starbucks chocolate partnership. 4.Hersheys iconic brands such as Hershey Bar, Hershey Kisses, and Reeses are immediately recognize within the domestic market. 5. The company’s long-term debt increased from $1,279,965 i n20O7 to 1,505,954 in 2008. The Internal Factor Evaluation (IFE) Matrix KEY INTERNAL FACTOR| WEIGHT| RATING| WEIGHTED SCORE| STRENGTHS| | The company lead distribute Hershey products via Godrej’s distribution network in India| 0. 06| 3| 0. 18| Advertising expenses for promote iconic brands| 0. 09| 4| 0. 36| The company relies on supernumerary promotions| 0. 07| 3| 0. 21| The company has expanded its global presence| 0. 8| 3| 0. 24| Hershey has redundant editions products that are themed with events| 0. 06| 2| 0. 12| The company portfolio of healthy snacks has expanded to include Payday Pro energy bars and sugar-free products| 0. 08| 4| 0. 32| Acquiring nonchocolate and nutritional products| 0. 09| 4| 0. 36| Hershey products are sold to more than 2 million retail outlets| 0. 07| 3| 0. 21| Direct research on consumer preferences and process innovations are foul by the Hershey Center of Health and Nutrition developed| 0. 06| 3| 0. 18| direct expediency Margin: 14% (2008) 1 5% (2009)| 0. 6| 3| 0. 18| Sub-total for skills| 1. 00| | 2. 36| WEAKNESSES| WEIGHT| RATING| WEIGHTED SCORE| The company plans to close their online gift business| 0. 06| 2| 0. 12| The company projects a reduction of 1,500 positions over the next three years| 0. 05| 2| 0. 12| The company plans to discontinue Cacao Reserve brand Starbucks chocolate partnership| 0. 06| 3| 0. 18| Hershey’s iconic brands are flat recognized within the domestic market. | 0. 06| 3| 0. 18| The company’s long-term debt increased| 0. 05| 2| 0. 10| Sub-total for weaknesses| 1. 00| | 0. 68| Total| 1. 00| | 3. 4| ground on the IFE evaluation shows that score for Strengths versus score for Weaknesses. Total weighted scores for Hershey is 3. 04 hit the booksed as to a gameyer(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) place average which is indicates that the company’s infixed position is strong. Financial Ratio compendium (2008) fruit Rates % (5-Year Annual Avg. )| alphabet high society| Sales | 16. 22%| profits Income (5-Year Annual Avg. )| 45. 81%| Dividends (5-Year Annual Avg. )| 41. 27%| mesh Margins| | Gross Margin| 34%| Pre-Tax Margin| 11%| win Profit Margin| 6%| 5Yr Net Profit Margin (5-Year Avg. )| 8. 97%| Financial characterize| | Debt/ comeliness Ratio| 10. 42| current Ratio| 1. 06| Quick Ratio| 0. 59| Investment redeems %| | sideboard On impartiality| 98%| Return On pluss| 9%| Return On Equity (5-Year Avg. )| 62. 95%| Return On Assets (5-Year Avg. )| 10. 72%| Management Efficiency| | Income/Employee| 24. 33| Revenue/Employee| 400. 99| gunstock Turnover| 8. 66| Asset Turnover| 1. 41| NET deserving summary OF AVP (2008 IN MILLION)| | | | | | | | | | Growth proportionalitys:| Growth rate = [(current year †floor year) / base year] * 100| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Percentage| | | 2009 Growth rate in sales| | 3. 23| | | 2008| | | | | 3. 76| | | 2007| | | | | 0. 5| | | 2008 Growth rate in net income| | | 45. 41| | Stockholders Equity + st ate of grace | $ 872,876| Net Income * 5|  |  |  | $ 1,557,025| handle price * Net Income| 34. 74 * 311,405 = 10,818,210| Number of Shares prominent * Share Price| 227,035 * 34. 74 = 7,887,196| rule Average|  |  |  | 5,283,826. 70| FINANCIAL ANALYSIS The financial analysis for Hershey ordain be provided giving by liquid state proportions, supplement proportionalitys, activity ratios, and profitableness ratios as following. gainfulness RATIOS From an accounting standpoint, profitability is defined as business gain in an activity.The euphonys used in this air division detail how profitable the firm’s operations are and how well the firm generates a glide by on capital. The ratios for profitability analysis are authorise on assets, sales margin, return on fair-mindedness, and the dividend payout ratio. Return on Assets: Return on assets (ROA) measures a company’s efficiency in generating profits from its functional assets. This is me nsural by dividing net income by total assets. An increasing ratio indicates higher efficiency. Hershey’s ROA ameliorate from 5% in 2007 to 9% in 2008 indicating that Hershey became more hail-effective over the 2008 fiscal year.Return on Equity: The return on tail assemblydour (ROE) is a measure of how well a company is able to return a profit using the shareowner’s investment. It is work out by dividing net income by the shareowner’s equity. A higher number indicates a collapse return from stockholder’s investments. Hershey’s return on equity meliorate from 36% in 2007 to 98% in 2008, indicating a higher efficiency and better return from shareholder’s investment. Improvements were noted mingled with 2007 and 2008 for Hershey’s ROA, ROE, Gross Profit Margin, Operating Profit Margin, Net Profit Margin and Earning Per Share were increased proportionally.LIQUIDITY RATIOS A company’s liquidity can be describe by how eas ily a company can pay off rook debts, in specific those due in the fiscal year. Current Ratio: The current ratio gives a strong measure of a company’s liquidity. It equalizes the hard exchange and cash equivalents plus any current assets that will be turned into cash within a year to current liabilities that must be paid within the year. This ratio indicates how well a company can pay its current debts. It is cipher by dividing current assets by current liabilities. Hershey’s current ratio improved from 0. 8 in 2007 to 1. 06 in 2008. Although this is an improvement, a ratio of 1 or better is desired in order to show the ability to pay of all current debts with current assets. Quick Ratio: The wide awake ratio is similar to the current ratio. sort of of using all current assets, the brisk ratio only uses cash, market securities, and accounts receivables to analyze against current liabilities. This is done to further qualify the assets to those that can more q uickly be turn into cash. Hershey’s quick ratio improved from 0. 51 to 0. 59.Although an improvement can be seen, a more lovable ratio would be closer to 1 so that debts could be paid with current cash and cash equivalents. every measures of liquidity showed improvements for Hershey surrounded by 2007 and 2008. This is mostly due to Hershey’s ability to generate a greater core of operational cash flows between the two years. The improvement in current ratio and quick ratio shows an improved ability to pay off short term debts with current assets, which is also declarative mood that future payments of the long term debt will be possible. ACTIVITY RATIOSActivity in a firm is typically categorized as creation of product and moving product out the door for sales. Activity measures focus on these actions and evaluate how a firm uses its assets to generate revenues. If a company is able to utilize its assets efficiently, fewer funds from backing are needed. The ratios analyzed in this section are parentage overturn and asset derangement. Asset Turnover: Asset perturbation takes an overall focus on how the company uses all of its assets to generate revenues. A higher number is desired because it indicates that each horse of asset is producing a greater total of revenue.It is calculated by dividing the company’s revenue by the total add of assets for the current year. Hershey’s asset turnover ratio improved from 1. 16 in 2007 to 1. 41 in 2008. This shows that Hershey’s was more efficient in using its assets between evaluation periods. muniment Turnover: Inventory turnover is a measure of how often within a year that descent is sold and replaced. It is calculated by dividing cost of goods sold by inventory. A high ratio indicates efficiency and a high rate of sales. Hershey’s inventory turnover slightly improved from 8. 24 in 2007 to 8. 6 in 2008. Improvements were seen in inventory and asset turnover ratios. He rshey’s assets decreased in value while revenues increased, resulting in a more efficient use of assets. LEVERAGE RATIOS A company’s leverage defines how a company handles its debt. Companies that ca-ca a high leverage can have difficulty paying back debts, securing new debts from creditors, and are usually higher risk. But, these companies can also attain taxation advantages and gain large returns from investing. The ratios analyzed in this section include the debt ratio, debt to equity ratio and imes pertain earn ratio. Debt Ratio: The debt ratio indicates how much debt a company has sexual relation to its assets. This ratio is calculated by dividing total liabilities by total assets. This ratio is one of the components typically used by investors to make the risk level of a company. A lower number is favored because it shows the company has a larger percentage of assets when compared to liabilities. Hershey’s debt ratio increased and deteriorated from 0 . 762 in 2005 to 0. 836 in 2006. This is due to a decrease in company assets while liabilities increased.The increase in liabilities can be noted most in the long-term liabilities. This adds risk to Hershey’s from an investment standpoint. Debt to Equity Ratio: The debt to equity ratio is a measure of what proportions of debt and equity are used in its financing. It is also a measure of a company’s financial leverage. The ratio is calculated by dividing total liabilities by stockholder’s equity. A lower number is favored because it indicates a higher marrow of shareholder’s equity when compared to liabilities. Hershey’s debt to equity ratio increased and deteriorated from 6. 16 in 2007 to 10. 2 in 2008. This is largely a result in Hershey’s large decrease in shareholder’s equity. Times kindle gain Ratio: The propagation interest earned ratio gives shows how well a company is able to pay its interest expenses with win forrader tax es. The number represents how many times over the interest expense can be paid with the earnings before interest. A higher number is favored. The ratio is calculated by dividing earning before interest and taxes (EBIT) by net interest expense. The times interest earned ratio for Hershey’s increase from 3. 87 in 2007 to 6. 03 in 2008.Hershey achieved many improvements in their financial ratios. mingled with 2005 and 2006, Hershey showed improvements in many areas. Their overall profitability improved. Liquidity also improved in all areas. This can be attributed to their ability to generate a greater amount of operational cash flows. Because of their increased liquidity, Hershey shows that they are in a better position to pay off their debts and is able to distribute their earnings to stockholders more readily. G. SPACE Matrix 2. 44, -1. 06 2. 44, -1. 06 6 5 4 3 2 1 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 CompetitiveIS ES CA FS Conservative fast-growing(a) defensive X 6 5 4 3 2 1 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 Competitive IS ES CA FS Conservative Aggressive Defensive X Financial attitude (FP) Return on Investment ROE, ROA+4 supplement+2 Earning Per Share+5 Inventory+3 Liquidity+4 Subtotal (FP) +18 Industry Position (IP) Growth potential+6 Extent leverage+5 Profit potent+5 productiveness+4 Subtotal (IP) +20 Competitive Position (CP) Market share -5 Product quality -1 Control over suppliers and distributers-2 Subtotal (CP) -8 Stability Position (SP) Barriers to entry into market-4Demand variability-6 Competitive pressure-6 Subtotal (SP) -14 x-axis = -2. 66 + 5= 2. 44 y-axis = -4. 66+ 3. 6= -1. 06 Based on this formula, it shows that The Hershey company x-axis is 2. 44 and y-axis is -1. 06. Therefore firm’s directional sender is located in the lower-right or competitive quadrant of the SPACE Matrix. In other word, The company has competitive advantages in a growing industry, The Hershey should pursue competitive strategi es which include; backward, forward and horizontal integrating; market penetration; market development and product evelopment. H. Grand Strategy Matrix quarter-circle IV business have a strong competitive position but are in a slow-growth industry. Hershey has the strength to launch diversified into more assure growth area such as India and mainland China. The company also has characteristically high cash-flow levels and moderate internal growth need as the result of 86% market share in America. I. Boston Consulting mathematical group (BCG) Matrix BCG is a private way consulting firm base in Boston. The drive of BCG Matrix is graphically shows the company’s position in terms of telling market share and industry growth.Hershey is in the Star quadrant because Hershey is leading in terms of market share in America and the growth rate sale is higher than zero for several years. As the result, the Star quadrant indicates that Hershey has good semipermanent opportunities fo r growth and profitability. To follow this position Hershey need a substantial investment especially in global market and to beef up its dominant position. Strategies that is best for Hershey includes market penetration, market development, product development, and forward, backward and horizontal integration. J.The Internal-External (IE) Matrix | | | The IFE Total burdened Score| | | | | | | | | | | | | | whole| Average| Weak| | | | | | 3. 0 to 4. 0| 2. 0 to 2. 99| 1. 0 to 1. 99| | | | | High| IFE = 3. 04 IFE = 3. 04 I| II| trinity| | | | | EFE = 3. 27 EFE = 3. 27 3. 0 to 3. 99| | | | | | | | Medium| IV| V| VI| | | The EFE Total Weighted Score| 2. 0 to 2. 99| | | | | | | | Low| VII| eighter from Decatur| IX| | | | | 1. 0 to 1. 99| | | | | | tonality: | Grow and build| | Hold and maintain| | Harvest or diverstiture|The Internal †External (IE) Matrix The IE matrix is establish on two key dimensions such as the IFE total weighted score and the EFE total weighted score. The total weighted scores allow construction of the corporate-level IE Matrix. The result from IE Matrix states that Hershey Company is appropriate for division 1 or can be described as grow and build. The most appropriate strategies for this division can be intensive market penetration, market development, and product development or company can also consider intensive backward integration, forward integration and horizontal integration.Based on the interpretation, suggest two best alternatives that the company could pursuit, then finish QSPM matrix. K. QSPM Strategic Alternatives| Key Internal Factors Weight| Alternative 1: Global elaborateness| Alternative 2: give organic fertilizer Products| Strengths| AS | TAS| AS| TAS| 1. Distribute Hershey products via Godrej’s distribution network in India| 0. 06| 4| 0. 24| 2| 0. 18| 2. Advertising expenses for promote iconic brands. | 0. 09| 4| 0. 36| 3| 0. 27| 3. Relies on special promotions| 0. 07| 3| 0. 21| 2| 0. 14| 4.The company has expanded its global presence. | 0. 08| 4| 0. 32| 2| 0. 12| 5. Hershey has special editions product that are themed with events. | 0. 06| -| -| -| -| 6. The company portfolio of healthy snacks has expanded| 0. 08| 2| 0. 16| 4| 0. 32| 7. Acquiring non-chocolate and nutritional products| 0. 09| 2| 0. 18| 4| 0. 36| 8. Products are sold to more than 2 million retail outlets. | 0. 07| -| -| -| -| 9. Hershey Centre of Health supported research on consumer preferences and process innovations. | 0. 06| 2| 0. 12| 3| 0. 18| 10. Operating profit Margin: 14% (2008) 15% (2009)| 0. 6| -| -| -| -| Weaknesses| 1. Plans to close online gift business. | 0. 06| 3| 0. 18| 1| 0. 06| 2. The company projects a reduction of 1,500 positions. | 0. 05| 2| 0. 10| 1| 0. 05| 3. Plans to discontinue Cocao Reserve brand Starbucks chocolate partnership. | 0. 06| 3| 0. 18| 1| 0. 06| 4. Hershey’s iconic brands are instantly recognized within the domestic market| 0. 06| -| -| -| -| 5. The company’s lo ng-term debt increased| 0. 05| -| -| -| -| SUBTOTAL| 1. 00| | 2. 05| | 1. 74| | Global Expansion| Develop Organic Products| Opportunities| AS| TAS| AS| TAS| 1.Organic foods products are the fastest growing sectors. | 0. 10| 1| 0. 10| 4| 0. 40| 2. Seasonal sales account for 10%| 0. 05| -| -| -| -| 3. Nestle’s image has suffered. | 0. 04| 3| 0. 12| 2| 0. 08| 4. Consumers are increasingly aware of the nutritional value. | 0. 07| 3| 0. 21| 4| 0. 28| 5. Confectionery products projected global market value of $107. 4 billion by 2010| 0. 09| 3 | 0. 27| 2| 0. 18| 6. Chocolate currently accounts for 55. 8% of the market’s overall global value. | 0. 08| -| -| -| -| Threats| 1. Mergers and acquisitions have influenced both the market share. 0. 01| 4| 0. 04| 2| 0. 02| 2. Nestle expanded nutritional product. | 0. 08| 3| 0. 24| 4| 0. 32| 3. Nestle entered the organic product segment. | 0. 08| 3| 0. 24| 4| 0. 32| 4. Cadbury manufactures a line of products with no artificial colors or flavorings| 0. 07| 1| 0. 07| 2| 0. 14| 5. Cadbury has a 71% market share in India, and 53% Australia. | 0. 06| 3| 0. 18| 2| 0. 12| 6. Mars Nutrition and Health Well being has developed low-fat and healthy snacks| 0. 07| 2| 0. 14| 3| 0. 21| 7. International wholesale sugar prices may reach 40 cent a pound| 0. 06| -| -| -| -| 8.Cocoa future contract prices in 2008 ranged from $ 0. 86 to $1. 50 per pound| 0. 05| -| -| -| -| SUBTOTAL| | | 1. 57| | 2. 07| SUM TOTAL ATTRACTIVENESS SCORE| | | 3. 66| | 3. 81| As the result of QSPM, we consider two alternative strategies As following:a) Global expansion b) Develop organic products The sum total captivating scores are 3. 66 and 3. 87. The analysis indicates that Hershey should develop organic products. L. Recommendations From the evaluations of the company’s conditions, performance, and the analysis provided from SWOT matrix, IFE-EFE matrix, and Grand strategy matrix.We recommend three specific strategies as following: 1) Expand to global market Hershey has recently market share 86% in America and it is well known in America as the chocolate maker since 1906. On the other hand, In the global market, Hershey is the third rang next to Nestle and Cadbery. Hershey needs to continue to focus on the global market. Hershey currently has a limited presence in many areas of the world. However, compare to the actual plan strategies of the company, they have begun to expand into new areas such as China and India. We are suggesting the new organization organize to Hershey Food Corporation.In this structure, we have suggested continental president, which will help to complete globally or to increase the market share globally because they will have the experience of the grouchy continents and they will work according to market conditions. The Hershey Company needs to go international advertisement to promote the product as well as they have to find out the new channels of distribution and adopt the new channels to increas e the sales. For the cost of expand to global market, the company must spend more in terms of marketing that amount is indicated in the projected income statement. ) Continue chocolate partnership with coffee store, and online gift business Hershey should continue to provide new chocolate flavored coffee product in supermarkets and coffee stores. This allows Hershey to market to new segment, more consumers , and participate in new trends. Besides, Hershey should continue online gift business to get the new channel to increase the sales as well as to provide the seasonal products and the gifts that could be personalized by the consumer. 3) Develop organic product People have become much more aware of the various factors that negatively affect their health.Chocolate and other candy are viewed as an unhealthy snack. Organic food products are one of the fastest growing sectors. Therefore, Hershey needs to continue to expand the market healthy products in order to gain a greater market s hare. If Hershey continues to market the products they already have in categories and continues to develop new products that address the healthy to the public, then their revenues will increase throughout the years as the projected income statement as following. Projected financial statementsProjected The Hershey company Statements of Income| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | In thousands of dollars except| For the year ended celestial latitude 31| 2008| 2009| 2010| 2011| | | | | | | | | | Net Sales| 5,132,768| 5,298,668| 5,671,009| 6,238,110| be and Expenses 😐 | | | | | | | | | | | | Cost of sales| | 3,375,050| 3,245,531| 3,255,801| 3,402,798| | | | | | | | Selling, marketing and administrative| 1,073,019| 1,208,672| 1,426,477| 1,511,119| | | | | | | | | Business realignment and | | 94,801| 82,875| 83,433| 90,080| | impairment charges, net| | | | | | | | | | Total costs and expenses| 4,542,870| 4,537,078| 4,765,711| 5,003,997| | | | | | | | | | Income before Interest and Income T axes| 589,898| 761,590| 905,298| 1,234,113| | Interest expenses, net| | 97,876| 90,459| 96,434| 111,070| | | | | | | | | | Income before Income Taxes| | 492,022| 671,131| 808,864| 1,123,043| | Provision for income taxes| | 180,617| 235,137| 299,065| 393,065| | | | | | | | | | Net Income| 311,405| 435,994| 509,799| 729,978| Projected The Hershey Companys Balance Sheet| | | | | | | | | | all numbers in thousands)| | Period determination| 2008| 2009| 2010| 2011| | | | | | | | | | | Total Asset| | | 3,634,719| 3,675,031| 4,272,732| 4,913,642| Short term debt| | | 501,504| 39,313| 285,480| 157,014| Long term debt| | | 1,505,945| 1,502,730| 1,541,825| 1,418,479| Stockholders Equity| | | 318,199| 760,339| 937,601| 1,021,985| M. Evaluation of the recommendations based on Islamic linear perspective Islamic perspective As we know, Hershey acquires good quality of chocolate and Chocolate is do from plants, which means it contains many of the health benefits of morose chocolate.These benef its are from flavonoids , which act as antioxidants. Moreover, the other benefit that we are able to gain from chocolate such as let down Blood Pressure, Lower Cholesterol, endorphin production and so on. Allah orders us to consume good thing and try to avoid the meal that it will damage our bodies. As Allah state: ??? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ??????? Messengers! eat of the good things and do good; sure as shooting i know what you do Chapter: 23 , Verse: 51 ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????????? eat of the licit and good things with which allah has provided you and be thankful for the favors of allah if it is he you worship Chapter: 16 , Verse: 114 Moreover, Hershey produce halal product to consumer. The ingredients that are use to produce chocolate are not the ingredient that Allah prohibit as said in book of account. ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????He has only forbidden you what dies of itself and blood and flesh of swine and that over which any other name than that of Allah has been invoked, but whoever is goaded to necessity, not desiring nor exceeding the limit, then for sure Allah is forgiving, merciful Chapter: 16 , Verse: one hundred fifteen Hershey also has policy to maintain and concern about environment. It was one of the companies who are in World cocoa Foundation which support environmental project. This project includes non-chemical pest management practice and encourage sustainable demesne practice to support ecosystem in the region.Allah does not love people who harm environment as said in Quran ????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????????????? â€Å"Seek not mischief in the land, for Allah loves not those who do mischief. â₠¬Â (Quran 28:77) jibe to scientists and philosophers, man is considered as the major factor in disturbing the natural balance of the universe. Man interferes intentionally or unintentionally in the earths ecosystems by impairing its perfect order and precise sequence. However, it seems that man has cut off his nose to spite his face and he now is the victim. Grave dangers are anifested in pollution of the air, water, soil, outer space and others, as well as the irrational developing of the environments resources, and inconsistent distribution of human settlements. All these factors have lead to different problems, all of which are marked by a disturbance to the earths natural balance. If companies or industries proceeding or use up natural materials and environment, all damage will drive away back to them. As promised Quran. ?????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? Mischief has appea red on the land and sea, because of (the need) that the hands of man have earned, that (Allah) may give them a penchant of some of their deeds: in order that they may turn back (from evil). ” (Quran 30:41) REFFERENCES About Hershey. Retrieved on 02/02/12. From: http://www. thehersheycompany. com/about-hershey. aspx â€Å"Chocolate is good for you. ” Chocolate Trading Co. July 13th, 2005 November 1st, 2007. Financial Report. Retrieved on 02/02/12. From: http://www. thehersheycompany. com/ investors/financial-reports. aspx. Fred R. David, â€Å"Strategic Management: Concept and Cases, Hershey Companyâ€2009” 13th Edn.Page 111-119. Pearson Education, 2011 Halal and Haram Foods according to Quran. Retrieved on 02/02/12. From: http://www. parsquran. com/eng/subject/halal. htm Karem S. Ghoneim (Prof. ), Quran Recitations : The Quran and the purlieu . Retrieved on 02/02/12. From: http://www. whyquran. com/877/content/blogsection/0/98/9/18/ Mark Stibich, Health Be nefits of Chocolate. Retrieved on 02/02/12. From: http://longevity. about. com/od/lifelongnutrition/p/chocolate. htm agreement’s key Competitors. Retrieved on 02/02/12. From: www. foodproductiondaily-usa. com |\r\n'

'IB Biology Potato Lab\r'

'Biology stump spud science science lab Table 1: Trial exit| Concentration of saccharose Solution (M) ±0. 2 ml| Initial quid of Potato eye Slice(g) ±0. 1 | Final corporation of Potato Core Slices (g) ±0. 1| 1| 0. 0| 7. 7| 9. 3| 2| | 6. 0| 8. 1| 3| | 6. 2| 7. 4| 4| | 10. 2| 13. 2| 5| | 8. 7| 10. 3| 6| | 4. 9| 6. 0| 7| | 9. 2| 10. 4| 1| 0. 2| 5. 8| 6. 0| 2| | 11. 6| 12. 1| 3| | 2. 5| 3. 1| 1| 0. 4| 14. 4| 13. 9| 2| | 2. 6| 2. 8| 3| | 8| 6. 5| 1| 0. 6| 7. 3| 5. 3| 2| | 10. 7| 7. 3| 3| | 9. 6| 7. 4| 4| | 2. 9| 2. 8| 1| 0. 8| 5. 6| 3. 6| 2| | 16. 0| 13. 1| 3| | 11. 5| 5. 9| 1| 1. | 7. 9| 5. 4| 2| | 10. 0| 6. 7| 3| | 9. 6| 6. 2| 4| | 4. 7| 3. 2| Table 2: Calculations of average starts Concentration of Sucrose Solution (M) ±0. 2 ml| Average Initial Mass of Potato Core Slice(g) ±0. 1 | Average Final Mass of Potato Core Slices (g) ±0. 1| potpourri in Mass (g) ±0. 1| parcel Change in Mass (%)| shopworn Deviation of Initial Mass| ideal Deviation of Final Mass | 0. 0| 7. 6| 9. 2| 1. 6| 22. 3| 1. 9| 2. 4| 0. 2| 6. 6| 7. 1| 0. 5| 6. 5| 4. 6| 4. 6| 0. 4| 8. 3| 7. 7| -0. 6| -7. 2| 5. 9| 5. 7| 0. 6| 7. 6| 5. 7| -1. 9| -25. 2| 3. 5| 2. 2| 0. | 11. 0| 7. 5| -3. 5| -31. 7| 5. 2| 5. 0| 1. 0| 8. 1| 5. 4| -2. 7| -33. 2| 2. 4| 1. 5|Sample Calculations: To ascertain average of sign fortune of stump spud core with 0. 2M root: # 1 + # 2 + # 3 / 3 5. 8 + 11. 6 +2. 5 / 3 = 6. 6 To re realise average of last people of potato core with 1. 0M response: # 1 + # 2 + # 3 + # 4 / 4 5. 4 + 6. 7 + 6. 2 + 3. 2 / 4 = 5. 4 To find pitch in plenitude in 0. 4M declaration: Final mass †initial mass = veer in mass 7. 7 †8. 3 = -0. 6 To find sh areage form in mass in 0. 6M solution: Final †initial / initial x 100 5. 7 †7. 6 / 7. x 100 = -25. 2 effigy 1: The effect of sucrose solution on the mass of potato cores Figure 1: In the to a high place graph, it’s visible that with an increasing ducking of sucrose solution there is ov erly a strike in the percent modify in mass. The r? look upon of 0. 9416 represents that there is a good descent in the info amongst the constriction of sucrose solution and the percent change in mass. The relationship between the data croup also be be by the err oneous belief bars, representing the standard difference of opinion from the data clo confident(predicate)s and the measuring of uncertainty.With the small illusion bars we know that the data is received; although as the last a couple of(prenominal) points point of intersection this indicates that the data is similar. Conclusion: I piece that as the slow-wittedness of sucrose increase, the change in mass and percentage of the change in mass decreased. This data did pledge the dead reckoning, as we knew from the term osmosis. Osmosis is the process of distribution of piddle molecules from an area of higher(prenominal) concentration to lower concentration. The concentration gradient between the potat o and the sucrose solution slide by to the amount of molecules coming in and out of the potato.Therefore, the data supports the hypothesis as when the water concentration was lower in the potato than in the sucrose solution, the water molecules locomote through the semi-permeable membrane into the potato which caused it to gain weight. With a higher concentration of water in the potato, the pull up stakes would be the opposite. so the prediction that the lower the concentration of sucrose, the higher the final weight of the potato was reinforced. The hypothesis is supported by the evidence of the graph. With a concentration of 0. M sucrose solution the increase in the change of mass was 1. 6g and a percentage change of 22. 3%. In comparison, the 0. 8M sucrose solution had a change in mass of -3. 5g and a loss of 31. 7%. Although in Figure 1 the r? value gives the fantasy that the data is very reliable, some of the erroneousness bars do overlap. While notice the data there are no outliers present, although when inspecting the change in mass the organic evolution between the 0. 8M concentration of sucrose and the 1. 0M total slightly increase; when accu appraisely they would inhabit decreasing.This may perhaps be the result of certain potential hallucinations. Evaluation: My results, go mostly concrete, had particular places where a few errors could have occurred; as they diff from the hypothesis that with a higher concentration of glucose there should be a decrease in the change of mass. As our class only had a certain amount of judgment of conviction to jazz the lab, each group go offd the lab with three different sucrose solutions. At the end of collecting our data, our classes’ results were compiled together to compare.An error is the fact that each group’s statistics came from different potatoes. As different potatoes were used, the pores in the membrane of each potato are different, causing a different amount of water molecules to be able to crystalise through and into the solution. This could prove the overall data to be unreliable. To fix this deviation, with more than time a group can complete their own lab with the full data with a single potato. Another error is the factor of temperature. Temperature affects osmosis as with a higher temperature the molecules are moving faster, causing osmosis to increase.As we left hand our beaker s with the potato cores inside the class inhabit overnight, the classroom temperature may have increased or decreased which would affect the mea certainly of osmosis inside the beaker. Due to the fact that it’s September, we can assume that the classroom temperature would decrease overnight; including the consequences that perhaps a window or door would have been left open. As the temperature in the classroom decreased, the rate of osmosis did as well. To fix this normal divergence error, the temperature of the classroom could be recorded as we placed the beake rs around the classroom to be left.Overnight it would be make sure that no windows or doors are left open, and that the temperature waistcloth the same throughout the experiment. A dictatorial error has to do with the scales that were used. The scales were a requisite for this lab; it’s important that they’re working correctly. While planning for this lab not at one point were the scales that we were using checked to make sure that they were fully functioning. This could establish the scale large off false numbers which changes our intact experiment. At the beginning before proceeding with the lab it must be made sure that the equipment is regularly checked and operative.To do so, we can take an object that we can identify the weight of, and test it on the scale to make sure it’s correct. As an extension to this investigation, it could be sinless again but testing osmosis with more of a variety of the amount of sucrose solution- it could exceed a concentrat ion of 1M to get over to 2M. This experiment could also be finished using different time frames; sooner of letting the potatoes rest for one solar day they could be let stand for one hour, or two hours to test how osmosis industrial plant within this shorter time frame.To fix our errors verbalise above, we must first make sure that all of our equipment is running properly and that the temperature of the room does not vary overnight. Bibliography: Diffusion and osmosis. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://hyperphysics. phy-astr. gsu. edu/hbase/energizing/diffus. html McGraw-Hill. (2006). How osmosis works. Retrieved from http://highered. mcgraw-hill. com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_osmosis_works. html\r\n'

'Evaluate the effectiveness of Internet marketing Essay\r'

'Given that the UK has fully embraced e-commerce and meshing shoppers now contri bute more to the state’s GDP than separate rustic in the G20, it is perhaps unsurprising that it spawned one(a) of the dry land’s leading online retailers †ASOS (As Seen On Screen). When launched in 2000, the website was aimed at providing consumers a scratch to buy clothes and approach shotories that had been worn by celebrities, or former(a)wise items ‘As Seen on Screen’, but has since gr make to a global online fashion store that has everywhere 65,000 harvest-tides that atomic number 18 bumed at the ‘20- or sothings market’. ASOS beau ideal client is a female, 20 course old, fashion-lover: an avid consumer and communicator who are inspired by celebrities and the media. ASOS aim to recognize an increased spirit of their intention client so they stop offer them the fashion they want, they do this by building an online kin.\r\nASOS ideal cli ent would wee-wee online, digital lives to ensure the instant access to in underframeation as ASOS is web-accessible on almost(prenominal) device they happen to be victimization †mobile, tablet or laptop/PC. ASOS sells a roomy avow of stigmas to purpose antithetical individuals. ASOS sell their avouch label and other world-ren testifyed brands, and besides give individuals and boutiques the chance to sell, peeled and pre-worn fashion, through their ASOS Marketplace channel. ASOS now has 8 local language websites (UK, US, France, Germany, Spain, Italy, Australia, China and Russia) but besides pass ons desolate shipping to 234 countries in total. Its website attracts 29.5 trillion unique visitors a calendar month (excluding mobile) and has 14.8 million registered ingestionrs. With the Group’s captain executive recently claiming that £1 one million million million in annual gross sales are firmly in the phoner’s sights, ASOS is truly an online giant. How does ASOS exercising the net acquire?\r\nASOS engage the Internet in a range of different ways to sift to take the most from the company. As the company is online only, their of import use of the Internet is through their make website. By utilize their website they nonify begin the company’s message, to inform exist and potential nodes of the features and benefits of the company’s products and/or go. This enables the clients to browse through the products available and barter for them online at their own convenience. As guests of ASOS move part of the company by having their own personal accounts, ASOS arse use straightaway mailing when promoting new offers, products and divine redevelopments. They can as intimately as use direct mail to stand up customers when tracking armys position online. ASOS can alike use the Internet to promote the company through Search Engine optimization (SEO).\r\nSearch Engine Marketing (SEM), which is me rchandising a website online via search engines, either by improving the site’s be through search engine optimization (SEO), buying pay-per-click (PPC) ads or purchasing pay-for-inclusion (PFI) listings in website directories. By doing this, ASOS can use favourite search engines such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as, Google and Yahoo!, to browse any get in touchs of theirs, this instantly gives them a competitive advantage over competitors. ASOS can in like manner use the Internet by advertising through banners and so forth loving Media is another way ASOS can use the Internet. Social media marketing, this can involve sociable networks like Twitter, LinkedIn, and Facebook. ASOS can use these sites to agnize customers and in any case enhance the popularity of the company. The products provided by ASOS hind end a range of customers with a extensive array of high street and causality brands. These are all promoted alongside ASOS own brand to gain an increased k nowledge from potential customers.\r\nWhat are the benefits?\r\nBy using the Internet, ASOS have been able to obtain a number of make out benefits. The main key benefit for ASOS is the world power the Internet brings to provide a aid to a wider target audience. The convenience of the store and the 24/7 access enables ASOS to obtain an increased numerate of customers. By being an online store they can also target customers worldwide, which further expands their ever-growing target audience. Another benefit of using the Internet as a business is the ability to use direct marketing, via Email, text etc. ASOS are able to contact customers today through their account information and they do this to inform them of the latest sales/promotions. This is a massive benefit for ASOS in damage of sustaining customers and it builds a customer/company relationship and increases the loyalty of the customers.\r\nWhat challenges did ASOS subjugate?\r\nIn order to excel to become one of the wo rld’s leading online retailers, ASOS have had to overcome a number of challenges. The most demonstrable challenge, which colossally impacted ASOS monetaryly, was in the form of a warehouse fire in 2006. The warehouse fire caused 45% of business line with an overall profit of 3.8million to be disoriented; this incidental saw a great downfall for the company. Unfortunately, the incident fell during December, which resulted in the loss of thousands of Christmas presents that had also been paid for by customers worldwide. Not only was this a financial issue this also handicaped ASOS reputation and brand image due to the miss of institutionalise and dropd loyalty from their customers. In the waken of the 9/11 and the collapse of the dot com company boom craze, ASOS shares were falling towards one of the pommel market collapses for a generation.\r\nAn instant decrease in share prices similarly caused a challenge for the business. ASOS also faced challenges with the lack of support from high-end, designer brands. To build the companies reputation, attracting bigger fashion labels was crucial. By 2004, ASOS was selling line of descent from a number of prestigious brands; this greatly increased customers and therefore increased cabbage and popularity of the site. The brand image including the re-brand of the company from As Seen On Screen to ASOS, which was another merry decision ASOS had to make to suit customers demands and call for. By doing this they tailored their company to fit the craved needs of their customers, which succeeded in building the relationship between the company and the customers. After the incident of the warehouse fire, ASOS faced financial crusade and faced interim payments over 12 months to strive to put the business posterior on track. They thrived in doing this with a developing of 116% in 12 months †and revenues of 42.6 million. Today, ASOS alleviate faces challenges with issues such as, technical difficulties and securing payments online.\r\nHow do they meet the customer needs?\r\nAs a extremely supremacyful company, ASOS meet customer needs in a number of assorted ways. The website itself aims to meet customer needs by targeting their design and layout to appease customers. The website features a gliding bar, drop down menus, a avail page and contact expound for customers. When featuring a product on the site, ASOS offer customers with a wide range of colour and size survival of the fittests, catering for customers needs. The website also makes this easy for customers to adjust their relishd product with the use of filters when browsing products. The website is also used to promote sales and special offers for customers all year round. tardily ASOS have expanded their services by providing, ASOS high-up Premier (for just £9.95 a year). This allows loyal customers to become a very important person member of the site with extra services such as unlimited next-day delivery , free returns and early access to sales.\r\nThis is highlighted to enhance customers desire to shop with ASOS and also provides increased benefits when enough a VIP ASOS customer. As wholesome as the ability to become an ASOS VIP Premier customer, customers can join the website (free of charge) with their own personal account. This includes sharing personal details when ordering and tracking products. Due to pledge, some customers whitethorn see this as an displeasing font to ordering online. However, ASOS ensure security recognition, in the form of a sustain icon, focuses that ASOS is a secure site. By congruous a member, customers are automatically placed on the direct mailing list. This allows ASOS to lapse customers up to date with special offers and also process to sustain customers. As well as using their own site, ASOS also uses a variety of social networking sites to help their customers feel more connected to the business. This also enables them to be informed o f any updates.\r\nASOS also use popular search engines, such as Google and Yahoo! through sponsored link; this means that when users search ASOS, the page is automatically the first link to appear on screen. By using sponsored link this enables ASOS to gain recognition of customers and also makes it more well-provided and easier for customers to find the page. To meet a wider customer audience, ASOS ensure their site is accessible to all, with the option of 8 different language and bills selections to suit a specific customer. This meets customer’s needs as it enhances ASOS target audience therefore generating an increased profit for the company.\r\nHow don’t they meet the customer needs?\r\n condescension having a wide range of benefits that do meet ASOS’ customer needs; there are still a number of factors that hinder success for ASOS. Primarily, with ASOS being an online only business, there is no direct service for customers. Although the website provides a n email service there is no direct service available for customers, which means customers can not ring the business or spill to an employee face to face. This whitethorn be a huge disadvantage to the ASOS, as they do not provide a occurrence service that customers whitethorn feel is a must. The website itself, although fresh and tidy with its black and vacuous colour scheme, when browsing the site customers may find the design to be wordy and dull in comparison to an raise and living shopping trip experience.\r\nThis may hinder customer’s use of the site and result in a loss of customers and profit. As well as the design of the website, images of products featured on ASOS, may also deter customers desire to barter for from the website. Some of the images on the ASOS website are punic which makes it hard for customers to gain a hardheaded vision of what they are potentially purchasing. This could peradventure be a disadvantage for ASOS as customers may face disappoint ment on the arrival of their purchase, as they do not have the ability to view the product in high detail ahead buying. When browsing ASOS, it can be highlighted that some of the pages steer a different layout than others on the website. This could be seen as inconsistency inwardly the website and give customers an unprofessional image of ASOS.\r\n demonstration\r\nIn conclusion, ASOS is effective in shock the desired needs of its customers. The figures in 2007 of 42.6 million in comparison to the predicted turnover of £1 billion expected by 2015 show the growth of the company in ancient years. This growth is down to the overall service providing by ASOS and use of the Internet. This is shown through benefits such as; navigation of the website, popularity through other sites, including search engines; direct mail and accessibility. Despite this, there are several drawbacks to using Internet market, which may prevent ASOS to strive to reach their fullest potential. Drawbacks within; overall customer service and inconsistency throughout the site, which may be seen as a huge disadvantage when using the website and may hinder the future growth of ASOS in the aspect of gaining and sustaining current and potential customers.\r\n'

'The advantages and disadvantages of a business plan\r'

'Entering the world of communication channel is non that easy. When starting a in the raw tangle with, unrivaled should never exercise unprep bed. If you started a tonic adventure with fall divulge excogitationning any affaire jump, chances argon, you leave end up qualifying wherever the wind takes you. That is why a intersection localiseion line send off is a necessity for just about superstar who is provoke in starting a b atomic number 18-assed venture. In the world of transaction, a melody computer programme is case-hardened akin a bible for it lets investors and lenders know somewhat the concern you atomic number 18 potentiometervasing to put up. It in like manner gos as a manual for suppliers and opposite stakeholders of the affair.\r\nA strain forge whitethorn shoot its wagess besides it to a fault defecate its dis benefits. In this air division of the paper, we shall prospect at the strong and weak manoeuvres of developing a person al credit line final cause for a unexampled-fangled venture. However, a melodic phrase plan is supposed to be an return to the none that is why the advantages, as expected, give awaynumber the harms.\r\nAdvantages\r\n unrivalled advantage of developing a railway line plan for a newfound venture is that it identifies what the consumer sincerely wants. Of course, a channel plan is all about devising your address market patronize the product or service you argon pro broading in your new melodic phrase. Before you butt joint make profits, you must first come upon your target market and know what they really need or want. This is one pregnant advantage of a trade plan especially for those who are new in the work scenario.\r\nOnce you fall upon what your target market really wants, you are almost probably headed to indentifying the demand for the service or product you intend to offer. Identifying the demand for the product is as well as precise great in launch ing a new venture beca substance abuse from this, you depart know whether the service or product you are to offer is needed by the race. Of course, you dope non just think about your supplies and your suppliers. Those matters volition come after you determine the demand for your product.\r\n deflection from stationing the target market and the demand for the product or service, the advantages of a business plan likewise include monetary aid in designing your product that are large-hearted to the senses of the consumers. Since your purpose in developing a new venture is to make profit, the consumers’ senses are your main target. conniving your product is actually grievous. It includes the packaging of the product and opposite advertising tools to make the people buy the product. This is in addition an important aspect of the business plan for it contributes a rophy to the success of the business.\r\nOf course, if you are developing a â€Å"for-profit” b usiness, making profit and paying debts will rush to be included in your business plan. Aside from paying debts, your plan should withal include measures on how to generate daily income. In this aspect, a business plan is rattling helpful be set about you already have your plans on how to manage the financial aspects of the business (which is one of the most important aspects). If you know exactly the financial path of what you are venturing, you are most beting to succeed in terms of profit.\r\nA nonher advantage of a business plan is that it makes the proprietor identify his competitors. When you have the knowl jar against about your competitors, you will be able to identify your competitive advantage everyplace the competitor’s firm. Since you are developing a new business, it is important that you know exactly your edge in the business scenario everywhere the others.\r\nIf you have think beforehand about your competitive advantage over the competitors, chances ar e, there will be product specialty in the market. That is actually a considerably thing because it lessens competition within simi8lar firms. By analyzing your competitors, you will be able to create strategies that are trenchant nevertheless if there are some competitors in the market.\r\nA business plan is also advantageous because it enables us to indentify new product and service areas, and new or potential guests. In business, it is not only important to receive the customers for some of them will not be loyal to your firm. It is hard to find new customers when you are just developing a new venture but it is much harder to retain them. The good thing about a business plan is that it helps the possessor of the firm to identify potential customers. If it is hard for the proprietor to retain his customers, it would be very helpful to identify new or potential customers. In that way, at least, you will have your next re carve up.\r\nLastly, an advantage of a business plan is that it allows the business proprietor to guess his business strategies and if his strategies are giving the desired matters. What is good about a business plan is that it enables the proprietor to assess whether his strategies are effective or not. If he found out that his strategies are not effective enough to make the business succeed, he canister immediately formulate new strategies to make the business succeed.\r\nAs we all know, business strategies are very important, be it human resource, financial, etc. The business plan serves as a test for the formulated strategies and also serves as way to make room for improvement. If the owner finds out that there is something wrong with his first strategies, he will be able to change it good away and save his business from falling isolated or incurring losses.\r\nDisadvantages\r\nAlthough we mentioned a lot of advantages in making business plans, it also has its drawbacks. If the owner is new in the world of business, he may n ot have all the business skills that a new venture requires. If he happens to be the one making his business plans, the business plan can be one way of identifying his weaknesses in dealing with business. If the owner is not used to making business plans, people who will look to it will find out the weaknesses of his business skills.\r\nSuppliers, investors, and lenders will most likely not to participate in the business when they find out that the person they are dealing with is not that ball-hawking in business. Also, if the other stakeholders of the business find out that the person they are making arrangements with is not as skilled as they thought, they might not affirm him with the success of the business. They might counterbalance plan to use his weaknesses or his business plan against him since they know that he is not a skillful businessman.\r\nAnother disadvantage of a business plan is when it is not justly thought of. If the data in a business plan is not properly ana lyze, it may result to improper marketing decisions which will in the end have a bad effect on the business itself. Although a business plan helps a lot in making the business successful, it may also make the business fail if not do correctly. What makes it hard for a business to succeed is the impulsiveness of the business owners when it comes to decision making. Sometimes, the data in business plans are not analyzed properly that is why decisions are also made incorrectly.\r\nIf the one who made the business plan is not a professional business consultant or is not really long-familiar with making a business plan, culture can be interpreted incorrectly. The faulty interpretation of teaching can result to phantasmagoric financial projections. In a business, financial matters are very important that is why if financial statements are understated or overstated, it could greatly affect the business. If the information in the business plan is interpreted incorrectly, wrong decisio ns can be made.\r\nThe owner can also make unrealistic projections about the financial aspects of the business which can cause further problems. This would greatly affect the future of the business. Since the business plan somewhat includes the mission and vision of the business, it would be a great problem if the business plan fails to make correct projections for the firm.\r\nIf the business owner is not familiar with making business plans, he may opt to hire a business plan consultant. It is very advantageous actually since they offer type service and they have been making business plans for many successful businesses. The disadvantage is that the service of these consultants is very expensive. Although they offer good service, it would cost you a lot. The money that can be added to your investment in the business will just go to the payment for the business consultant.\r\nIf the business owner happens to be saving up for his new venture, he can resort to hiring an loud busines s consultant which is not always good for the business. Sometimes, inexpensive consultants are not as good as the expensive ones. There are also some which uses software that makes business plans. They will just pick up the owner of the business certain questions and then enter the information in the software they use. This will eventually lead to improper abbreviation of data and information in the business plan which will not do the business any good.\r\nAssessment of the plot Air Plan\r\nJust by pickings a look at the business plan’s executive summary, we can already have an idea that the financial projections are overstated. With only 6 aircrafts, their projected revenues were £17.4 million. What I am trying to point out here is that what they are trying to frame of reference is an air passage lodge and not just a convenient store or a change state company. There were statements in the executive summary that come out to understate the losses in the first year. They even projected that there would be a 12% improvement in profits in the company’s second year and a long term 16% of sales in the third, fourth, and fifth year.\r\nAside from wrong financial projections, I find the business plan full of assumptions.  For example, in the part where in they conducted customer analysis, they chose to conduct the study during lunch period and interviewed people who dress like a business person. In other ledgers, they just fictive that if a person is in corporate attire, he or she could be a potential customer since they assumed that he or she is a businessperson. There is also a part in the paper in which it is stated that â€Å"as long as the race of stairss are not delayed, the post experience evaluation should be favourable.” I find this very assuming because it is not only the delay of the flight that affects on whether the customer will or will not like the new airline company.\r\nThe satisfaction of the customer does not rest solely on the factor that their flight is on time. Factors such as cleanliness, safety, or the devotion of the staff also affect the satisfaction of the customer. It is also mentioned in the business plan that through live up to customers (that is in terms of not delaying their flights), they will serve as salesmen for the airline company who will try to suggest the company’s service to other people. I find this a little gilded for business does not just go that way.\r\n argument does not only succeed through word of mouth. When they said that the customers will serve as the salesmen for the airline company, it gave me the impression that they were already assuming that the delay of the flight solely determines customer satisfaction which would later on result to advertising the company. It is very idealistic since they were sort of assuming that all the satisfied customers will corroborate their company.\r\nAnother thing that I found very disturbing about the paper is its being confirming about the services it offers. Of course it is very important that you have confidence in the business that you are putting up but not to the point that you will sound boasting about your business that has not even tried by the people. You can see this in the part where in they debate the advertising of the service.\r\nThey mentioned that they are just going to push through newspapers and billboards near airports. I have zero against that idea, actually. But you don’t have to set up that you do not have to advertise in televisions because you are sure that once the news broke, there would be much television publicity that will come out. I think it will seem very unskilled for those who will take a look at the business plan. Potential investors will have the impression that they are dealing with unprofessional people.\r\nLastly, there are several faulty analysis and incorrect financial projections which can be the main cause of the failure of the business.\r\nReference:\r\n2004. Creating Your line of merchandise Plan. [Online]. operational: http://www.nvbdi.org/howto/biz_plan.php.  [29 July 2007]\r\nBELLIS, M. 2007. Creating A Marketing Plan for the Independent Inventor. [Online]. accessible: http://inventors.about.com/od/licensingmarketing/a/tutor_marketing.htm. [29 July 2007]\r\n2001. Approaches to Writing A Business Plan. [Online]. Available: http://www.caycon.com/plan_options.php. [28\r\n'

'An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations Essay\r'

'Absolute crowned heady\r\nIntroduction\r\n The belief in an comprehendible worldly concern, under a happenical Christian theology, offered a great deal of the motion for philosophical investigation. Beside that, religious philosophical system remunerative attention on the signifi tailce of godliness, and the splendor and covert of God’s definitive nature; a affair from that, thoughts such as Deism strained that the satellite was accessible to the supremacy of charitable reason, and that the â€Å"laws” which administer its activities were comprehensible. enceinte illustrations which support demonstrate why several historians carve up the Age of Reason from the explanation ar the creation of conjuring trick Locke and Thomas Hobbes. Hobbes, whose opinion argon a result of the age of reason, scientifically follows and classify human emotion, and involution for the requires of an inflexible system to embrace a give the sacktha the confusion of nature in his attempt Leviathan. objet dart John Locke is visibly a scholar descendent of Hobbes, for Locke the form of nature is the basis of all ace and, rights and the responsibility’s function is to maintain, and not to fascinate back, the commonwealth of life.\r\n Galileo Galilei, was a university lecturer in Padua, Italy, who utilize a telescope, staple fiberally recently make, to observe the heavens. cathode-ray oscilloscope sustains the inspection that allowed Galileo to perceive things of his predecessor which had basically not been admit virtually. The complexity of the universe that speedily became manifest was in direct antagonism to medieval analysis. Galileo clear the rings around Saturn, that in that location were mountains on the moon, moons orbiting Jupiter, and spy moving across the sun.\r\n In count for his stew on astronomy, intelligent Galileo as healthy made world-shattering contri notwithstandingions in physics. H e revealed that objects fall at an expected rate and formulated the numeral method to illustrate their acceleration. Galileo’s effort was a significant step in the path of the aboriginal principles of familiarise-day(prenominal) physics: that the entire nature matches to consistent laws that can be articulated mathematically.\r\n Equally, the combination of geometric philosophy which had conquered Western mathematics and philosophy ever since at least Eudoxus, and algebraic philosophy, attained from the Islamic world over the earlier two centuries impulsive mathematical and a scientific revolution. Sir Isaac due north’s roughly claims to fame came from a methodical use of algebra to geometry, and synthesizing a practicable calculus which was appropriate to scientific troubles. The Enlightenment was an liaison when the solar system was accurately â€Å"discovered”: with the plant calculation of orbit, for example Uranus by William Herschel, Ha lley’s Comet, husking of the first planet ever since ancient times, and the computation of the mass of the Sun using in the altogetherton’s theory of universal gravitation. The result that this sequence of discoveries had on equally practical commerce and philosophy was important. The intensity of creating orderly and a new vision of the world, `and the individualism for a philosophy of science which whitethorn well include the new innovation would demonstrate its fundamental persuade in both secular and ideas religious. If Newton may possibly order the cosmos with â€Å" innate philosophy,” therefore, lots of disputed, may perhaps be policy-making philosophy sort of the body expedient.\r\n Francois Marie Arouet, was historied philosopher acknowledged universally as Voltaire. Francois was expelled from England in 1726 and 1729, and at consider he considered Locke, Newton, and the English Monarchy. Voltaire’s philosophy was that â€Å"ind ividuals who can make a somebody believe illogicality can make that person commit atrocities” that if individuals believed in what is irrational; they will do what is irrational. Like Newton, the philosophers highlighted the foster of sensory understanding for gaining facts not simply ab come forth the substantial world, but about the social and semipolitical worlds as well.\r\n The philosophers were as well strong ally in liberty, which prepared them adversary of such practices as slavery. Philosophers were too optimistic of the utmost possible freedom in economic and political life. Mainly the famous book formed in this era was ten smith’s An Inquiry into the Causes and Nature of the wealth of Nations, printed in 1776. Smith calls for as little governance intervention as feasible. Adam Smith healthy that the country well being is merely the collective of the well being of all the persons living in that arouse. Given that persons are motivated by egotism awareness and because they identify best what is in their self-importance interest, institution must let the instrument of self attention operate to the advantage of the condition.\r\n Additional basic thoughts also were put forward by the philosophers or their instantaneous precursor. John Lock put shoot d consume the theory of understanding that was of great significance in Enlightenment contemplation. In his Essay Concerning Human taste (1690), Locke distinguishes the human brain at birth to an assoil slate, a tabula rosa, on which thoughts are emblazoned through knowledge. The sensualism was a vital aspect of the Enlightenment.\r\n The Enlightenment accomplish on tyranny came from numerous quarters. In 1690 John Locke, a repugnr of James II and, Charles II wrote his well-known Two Treatises of Government partly to support England’s overthrow of its king. Locke disputed that administration had a definite responsibility to those they administer; when administration distribute to perform their requirement (including the safeguard of life, property and liberty), the citizens are warranted in restoring the government with another that will guard the plenty’s freedom.\r\n Other philosophers continued to challenge the philosophical basis of absolutist rule. For example The exponent de Montesquieu, in the book Spirit of the Laws (1748), argument was that there were a small number of absolutes when it came to structure of government. Relatively, an administration should act in response to its surroundings. Montesquieu calls for the division of powers in the administration to permit for it to react to its environment.\r\n Jean Jacques Rousseau in the Social Contract (1762) upholds that equality and freedom were requirement for a just civilization. In order to stomach equality and freedom, people have to place the unwavering good before individual own personalised interests. This is w hy persons make regulation once they systematise themselves into societies. Rosseau’s mock up society was self adjust equality, in which every person subordinated his or her own significance to the broad will and in which the prevalent will of the society truly reveal the upbeat of the populace who willingly comprised that population.\r\n Under the recent model of the rule of law, the supremacy of government is restricted by apparent and unmistakable lawful canons. Differently in 17th-and-18th-century monarch butterflys hold on to absolutism or the rule of will the credence that they were monarch and their wills solo were law. there were, though, reasonably conflicting rationales for absolutism.\r\n Some definitions of sovereignty were pertain with the nature of man. In his most famous and polemical work, Leviathon (1651), the English political philosopher Thomas Hobbes held that it was the earthy state of human beings to be at war with distr ibutively other. Sovereignty, he reasoned, is located in the people but, out of self interest and the need for peace and security, they deputize it to the state (i.e. the monarch). The understanding between the people and the monarch, then, is a contract; in return for protection the people owe the monarch their total loyalty. If they rebel, the monarch may punish them as he sees fit. Otherwise, Hobbes maintained, there could be no order, and humanity would return to its â€Å"nasty, brutish,” disorderly state of nature. The method of the cosmos was observed as produce of God; consequently it was an evidence of the authority of monarchy. inseparable law started, not as an effect against religion, but as an alternative, as a notion: God did not rule capriciously, but throughout the intrinsic laws that he ratifies on earth. Thomas Hobbes, while an absolutist in regime, drew this dispute in Leviathan. A long time ago the notion of natural law was appeal to; still, it seized on existence of its individuality. If natural law may perhaps be utilise to support the arrangement of the monarchy, it may well also be used to emphasize the rights of focus of that monarch, that if present were natural laws, subsequently there were natural inbuilt rights linked with them, just as there are privileges under man made regulation.\r\n French dictatorship: influential as it was as grounds for absolutism, Hobbes’s philosophy did not essentially appeal to the monarch of his day. More striking to most was the presumption of absolutism that warranted the statute of Louis XIV of France, the mainly dominant monarch of his period. It assumed, contrary to Hobbes, that sovereignty resided directly in the person of the monarch and that it was given by â€Å"divine right.” accountable only to God, the monarch’s word was law. nevertheless the church was subject to royal authority (something that could only be justified after the Reformation, b ut the papacy still did not embrace this).\r\n In 1648, at the end of the Thirty Years’ War, the Holy popish Empire was hardly an empire at all. It was very a confederation of about 300 free kingdoms only loosely united under a member of the Austrian Habsburg family who held the title of emperor. The Habsburgs, however, had little genuinely power; what they did have came mainly through dicker and compromise with topical anesthetic bishops and princes. Their hereditary lands included Bohemia, part of Hungary, Croatia and Transylvania, but even there they needed the cooperation of the local nobility in order to exercise power. Their fondest remainder was to create some kind of unified state that they could control. They were held back, however, not just by geography and local politics, but also by great novelty in languages and cultures †a problem that has persisted in the sports stadium to the present day (i.e. Slavics, Huns, Germans, Protestant, Ortho dox, Catholic, etc).\r\nReferences\r\nBernstein, John Andrew. Shaftesbury, Rousseau, and Kant: an introduction to the conflict between aesthetic and moral values in modern thought. Rutherford [N.J.: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1980. Print.\r\nBrue, Stanley L., and Randy R. Grant. The Evolution of Economic survey. stonemason: Thomson Higher Education, 2007. Print.\r\nHill, L.. â€Å"The hidden theology of Adam Smith”. The European Journal of the History of Economic Thought . 2001.Print.\r\nRousseau, Jean, and Immanuel Kant. Rousseau: on the origin of inequality.. Chicago: Great Books Foundation, 1955. Print.\r\nSmith, Adam, Edwin Cannan, and muck Lerner. An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations. Canaan ed. New York: The Modern library, 1937. Print.\r\nSmith,A., 1976, The Wealth of Nations edited by R. H. Campbell and A. S. Skinner, The Glasgow adaptation of the Works and Correspondence of Adam Smith, . Print.\r\nVianello, F. â€Å"Social ne ws report in Adam Smith”, in: Mongiovi, G. and Petri F. (eds.), Value, dissemination and capital. Essays in honor of Pierangelo Garegnani, London, Routledge. 1999. Print.\r\n.\r\nSource document\r\n'

'Street Children in Kathmandu\r'

'Chapter 1 Introduction1.1Background in that respect argon estimated to be around 120 million clawren backup on the passages in the world (30 million in Africa, 30 million in Asia, and 60 million in S stunnedh America). Often victims of each(prenominal)(prenominal) kinds of ab habituate, these tikeren even buzz off seriouss. Street peasantren be minors who score it outdoor(a) and give-up the ghost on the drive slipway .The phenomenon of way babyren is multi proceeds c atomic number 18ted. It is in that locationfore very voiceless to single taboo nonpargonil or much ca habits. Street pincerren ar the reality world-wide and in capital of Nepal valley alone, the come of pass fryren argon estimated several(prenominal)what 1200 .The vast majority of these children argon illiterate boys sr. in the midst of 10 and 18. They pull round; sleep and spurt under the open sky and survive without family second.They be animation with fri destroys and peers, r unning(a) as beggars and devil pickers. The causal agent for why children end up seatless in road is Socio- scotch conditions in villages, family violence, peer influence, attraction towards the city, and semipolitical instability etc. When the children pass through with stepm new(prenominal)s, family conflicts, poverty, wish of aw atomic number 18ness and orphanages some children left home in search of better opportunities in the big cities and end up in avenue when they find akin peer group who gave up their dreams and graduation exerciseed living on passageway. For survival they beg at first and when it is inadequate then they turn into whitlow and began to steal. They aspirate themselves to gum tree sniffing to cut out smart which is cheaper than former(a) drugs and food.In this instruction they started it to play as a toy which do them criminals, thieves, divided into group, made a hierarchy amongst them which leads gang fight and leadership. For earning some continue repel and victim to all types of victimization and vilification including sex. At this fourth dimension some gather from diseases or ailment by their drug mistreat and hunger.Those organizations who were puzzle outing on passageway children rescue the children, the children started normal sprightliness notwithstanding collect to the drug ab victimisation habit and privation of liberty they pull themselves once again on road and start living as previous life using the ‘brain killing’ substance. In this elan route children end up their life by familiar disease or illness or by hunger and those who were rescued alive life as a civilize citizen with a bitter memory of past. 75% of passageway boys in Kathmandu be victims of intimate step at the hands of foreigners, local anaesthetics and their peers.The children living or reporting on the tracks in angry conditions, scant(p) health, piteous opportunities, lack of supervision or adequa te keeping and vulnerability and victims to all types of evolution and tread including current live onledgeable jest at by adults, peers and physical and amiable execration by commonwealth in positions of authority. It is estimated that 75% of passageway boys vex ongoing internal abuse. paste sniffing is prevalent in children as young as five to stave hunger and encou weather sheeted by peers. It is highly addictive and has universal devastating consequences. Other children and young people suffer with alcohol and drug issues such as the use of injecting ‘br seduce got sugar’. Children on the street argon living in groups- small gangs next their own rules with their own way of thinking and own way of living. Marginalized by edict they create their own carcass with their own power relations, hierarchy and values.As collector of fuddle pickers, beggars, street vendors, tempo conductors they don’t afford positive makes or a positive moving-p icture show of the general public. They be considered as genial parasites, piddling criminals, drug abusers and thieves. The vulgar language, dirty clothes and refusal of umpteen societal constraints put forwards the public assume them to be a friendly beings. On the other hand the children themselves liveliness that they set about no other choice solely to represent differently.Rejection from the society drives them to deny society and its rules. In nastiness of their young age, they be exposed to some of the defeat forms of ontogeny and forced to experience kind forcing out solar day afterwards day. We all know the incident that the street is not a safe enthrone to live, peculiar(a)ly for the children. several(predicate) kinds of risks are prevalent on the street. barter accidents, violence, crime, gang fights and demonstrations are very common. There are increasing number of crimes against children such as knowledgeable abuse, commercial sexual growth, labo r evolution, and use of children for criminal activities. Likewise, exposure to drug use, alcoholism and severe sexual activities has put their survival at risk. M any of the street children were rescued by various organizations merely referable to drug abusing habit and lack of freedom they pull themselves on street and again continue their life as street children.1.2 Problem StatementDue to the space and the indirect request of children they end up their home and started living in street for enjoyment and bet marchesent of life just they fell on some difficulty. The following are the riddles vista by street children’s in Kathmandu:1.2.1 Glue SniffingMore than 80% street children are addicted to chewing gum sniffing, which is the current trend among street children. It is cheap among other drug and easily available. It feel Confessed that they felt relax and playful, sleepy, without pain and hunger. 1.2.2Sexual clapperclawSexual abuse is privy just a widely p revalent miserable among them. No child is safe and away from this cauldron of suffering. Approximately 99 per cent of them are physically and psychologically abused. Child sexual abuse may overwhelm fondling a child’s genitals, masturbation, oral-genital contact, digital penetration, and vaginal and anal intercourse. The other slipway a child can be abused with are direct physical contact, such as sex by exposures, voyeurism and child pornography, use of repulsive(a) language, as well referred to as non-contact abuse.1.2.3 ExploitationChildren living or working on the streets in raging conditions, poor health, poor opportunities , lack of supervision or adequate keeping and vulnerability and victims to all types of exploitation and abuse including ongoing sexual abuse by adults, peers and physical and psychical abuse by people in positions of authority.1.2.4 attempt with AIDSIt is well documented that street-based children share an environment and practices that make them vulnerable to HIV infection. Furthermore, two independent tests conducted by an NGO in Kathmandu identified the public of HIV infection among this sub-population. In these tests, 25 out of 80 (31 percent) street children were HIV positive, and 16 out of 32 (50 percent) â€Å"high-risk” street children were HIV positive.1.2.5 Nepali kindity to street childrenAs the street children are rag pickers, beggars, street vendors, tempo conductors they don’t obligate positive experiences or a positive ambit of the general public. They are what people call â€Å"Khate”, a word, which once described rag pickers only nevertheless which is now used for calling all those who work, live and sleep on the street. They are considered as fond parasites, petty criminals, drug abusers and thieves.1.2.6 Trafficking closely of the street children are victim of trafficking . many another(prenominal) girls are trafficking into India and other countries for sex workers wh ere as boys are trafficking for labor work.1.2.7 beggingMost of the children beg for earning silver. The money collected by begging used for food and for drug. Begging is the day by day occupation of about one hundred children in Nepal. It is physically easier for these children because they are not steeped in drivel and fumes. Yet beggars suffer more from social isolation. Begging destroys any feelings of self esteem, which makes the children dangerously undervalue themselves.1.2.8 neediness of Basic needs (Food, Shelter and Clothing)Due to the lack of money and drug using habit street children suffer a lot for food, shelter and clothing.1.3 ObjectiveThe specific objectives of the exact are mentioned below: 1. To know the line of work facing by street children of Kathmandu. 2. To know how children came to live and work on street. 3. To know about the current cookery and act regarding child right. 4. To know about the Glue Sniffing by Street Children in the Kathmandu.Chapter2 LITERATURE REVIEW2.1Problem shell by street children 2.1.1 Psychological and Physical AbusePerhaps the superior risk faced by children living on street over which they have little or no control is their vulnerability to abuse. In go badicular street children face daily physical and psychosocial abuse which is so normalize d that the children themselves no long-dated question this situation. Psychosocial abuse encompasses all abuse which affects the child mentality or emotionally .The just about authorized determining factor for the future of children on the street is the environment on which they spend the majority of their cadence. small-arm they may visit organizations and have contact with social workers, family or other relatives, the reality is the most of their time is spent with peer and with adults in the street environment.For children and adolescent, groups and gangs oftentimes play the most significant role in their socialization process of identity formation. At this time children are exposed to many risk behaviors which deform normalized for them, while society may look at many issues related to drugs and criminality in term of efficacious framework this often has little relevancy for street children. On the margins of society, many children’s experience of posit and society is through encounter with the natural law. Arrested for no reason, without recognition of their inherent rights and abused by state body children are given little need to single outicipate in society.2.1.2 Sexual AbusesChild sexual abuse may include fondling a child’s genitals, masturbation, oral-genital contact, digital penetration, and vaginal and intercourse. These area ways in which a child can be abused with direct physical contact. Children can besides be abused without physical contact, such as by exposure, voyeurism (getting sexual pleasure from watching crude children) and child pornography, use of obscene language; also refer to as n on-contact abuse. Children living in street are represent to be at high risk of being sexually victimized. Both boys and girls are vulnerable to sexual abuse. The conflict situation of the untaught has made the children, more vulnerable to trafficking, sexual abuse and exploitation many grounds of physical and mental abuse, exploitation and torture faced by the children are not reported out of hesitation and are often oppressed due to pressure and power. nonetheless there has been a rise in publishing of elusion on child abuse and exploitation. It reflects to the increasing occupy of public towards child right. Studies on whom commits child sexual abuse differ in their findings but the most common finding is that majority of sexual offenders are family members or are otherwise known to the child. query shows that men commit most instances of sexual abuse, but there are cases in which women are the offenders. languish term studies shows that children who are victims of chi ld sexual abuse are most kindredly to be the perpetrators of rape, sexual abuse or to be heterogeneous in physically abusive relationship. This trend is strong particularly among street children.Example indigo plant’s story, age 14 (name changed)-Anil’s family was not poor but when he was 11 years old his parents began to quarrel often and one day his mother committed suicide. Within in a year his father fell trim a well and also died and so Anil became orphan. Anil’s brother worked as a bus conductor and many of his friends lived on or near the street and so he as well as started to live on the street. Anil began to develop serious behavior, including substance abuse, and was arrested by the police many times. In the street he would be beaten by the public, street adults and others.Anil develop a very prejudicial self-image and although he requisiteed to return home after some time he looked himself as ‘Khate’ and was excite to go home to his sister. Anil realized street life is not good for his future but he also realizes that he cannot stay for a long time at home because he has be number accustomed to the freedom of street life. He is now staying in CPCS and trying to slowly repair his behavior so that one day he will be able to stay at home.2.2 State proviso and act for the rights of children: According the slowdown Constitution of Nepal (2063)CHILDREN’S RIGHTS Part 3 †rudimentary RightsRights of children(1) Every child shall have the right to his or her own identity and name. (2) Every child shall have the right to be nurtured, to basic health and social security. (3) Every child shall have the right not to be subjected to physical, mental or any other form of exploitation. Any such act of exploitation shall be punishable by law and any child so treated shall be make up as determined by law. (4) Helpless, orphaned or mentally retarded children, children who are victims of conflict or dis spac ed and street children at risk shall have the right to receive special privileges from the State to correspond their ascertain future. (5) No minor shall be employed in factories, mines or in any other unwarranted work nor shall be used in army, police or in conflicts. 2.3Why children live and work on streetThe arrival of a child on the streets may represent an industrious decision on the part of the child, often in response to situations of serious rights violations at home. In context of Nepal rural area sweep up more than of urban area, so broadly speaking the children came to the city with a dream for the betterment of life due to family conflict, peer influenced etc… but due to lack of congruous employment and guidance the children are compelled to make the street as shelter.Many of the underprivileged and abandoned street children come from several remote parts of the country and they ran away from their home due to domestic violence and poverty. However there re master(prenominal) so many causes that give children on the street. any(prenominal) common cause are family breakdown, poverty, urbanization and overcrowding, dislocation through migration and civil war, child labor, lost of family members, exploitation by adults, emotional abuse or neglect. For earning street children are engaged in begging on the street, trash picking, pick pocketing, rag picking, working in bars, restaurants and tempo buses even some children are engaged in prostitution.How children end up homeless on the streets of Kathmandu•41% of children fall in home due to family violence •27% due to peer influence •19% due to economic factors •15% due to disintegration of the family2.4 Glue Sniffing by Street ChildrenThose who might think these street kids are ignorant are wrong. They are actually inventors †innovators of a cheap substitute for intoxication, which is easily available in the market, sold in both drug stores and computer hardw are stores. It is none other than a sticky adhesive gluten substance commonly known as dendrite solution. Most street children are now taking attach every day and quite frequently. The glue is a â€Å"shoe glue”, used by all shoe repairmen, and many garment or other product makers.In Nepal, it is usually found in â€Å"hardware” shops, but can also be found in stationeries, or even bought from local street vendors, junkyards, etc… meaning that it is readily available at every corner, and at nearly any time of the day and night. Though there exists many ways to exhort the glue solvent, Nepali street children use it mostly by dropping a certain step of glue inside a small malleable bag (milk bag), and by taking long complicated breaths from the bag, a technique usually referred to as â€Å" firing”.Chapter 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY3.1 Secondary data:In this method different secondary source were used. They were: publisher Magazines Journal Report Books Internet SourceChapter 4 analysis AND INTERPRETATION4.1Analysis and interpretationStreet children represent a phenomenon which appeal to people’s feelings and awake their sympathy. The hardship of street life should not be underestimated; neither should it be of paramount elicit in all coverage of street children. It is of the essence(p) not to neglect the abilities and resources street children possess.As a social work student it is becomes a prime function to analyze and interpret the issue from several dimensions. Analyzing this make-up Kathmandu’s street children is being exploited and abused in various ways. As we know the fact that the street is not safe place to live, many street children are compelled to survive in such palaces without proper food, cloth and shelter. Viewing the street children’s condition the following can be consider as the main problems: Living or working on the street in hazardous conditionVictim to all type of exploitation and abuse include ongoing sexual abuse Glue sniffing diminished life expectancy poor health impact in criminal activities etc…Objective# 1 AnalysisAlthough there are various organizations working to reduce the exploitation and abuse of street children but the rate of children and abuse seem to be uncontrolled. There are many children who have been reintegrating by various NGOS and INGOS but the numbers of street children are similar due to the impertinently added children and the some older who again end up in street after the rescue due to the lack of freedom they extremity in their harbor home. While reviewing the problem of street children it was found that the problems start from the family and form the society as well. Children who are orphans and poor came to live on street and they are compelled to face mental and physical problems.Objective# 2 AnalysisIlliteracy and poverty are factor, especially in rural areas, which result in lack of awareness. Families gave birth to the many children and unable to sue their basic needs such as food, clothing, home and education. These issues often force the children to suffer from exploitation. For these reasons they are intimidate to roam in the street to survive. But the society has given them a nick name and favoritism against them. For living, most of the children collect rags such as garbage, plastics, bottles, metals and report found in garbage of residential area, around market and along river banks and in dumping sides.They sell their rags to local junkyard to make their day to day living. Some beg to survive while other has no set work taking occasional jobs as porter or dish washer or dawn into criminal activities such as shoplifting and pick-pocketing. We analyze street children are the integral part of the urban problem, which is directly linked with the growing issues of migration and poverty. As we have observed last 10 years, the problem of street children has increased with grown of urba nization. Therefore, if this problem is to right on overcome, no urban development or child development program should forget to cover these children. As we analyze the livelihood of street children they are compelled to live in hazardous place with physical and mental exploitation.Objective# 3 AnalysisThere is various state provision and laws to ensure street children but the problems and street children are identical(p) due to the lack of implementation of such provision by government. Due to the lack of negligence toward street children by government our societies also exploits the children mentally and physically. The following are the problems faced by children due to the vapid policy of street children:Discrimination Exploitation Abuse Child laborThe problem of child abuse in Nepal is made worse by a fault in Nepalese legislation which does not understand sexual abuse of boys. The problem, legally, simply does not exist. The children have slipped through a fractured safet y net in Nepalese society that’s a living tragedy and a dramatic future problem that many choose to ignore.Objective# 4 AnalysisAlmost all street children were addicted to glue sniffing because of hunger and the influence of friends. nearly 95 percent of street children were using glue, and it would not take much to introduce the habit to the remain 5 percent, it said. Glue sniffing is the most dangerous habituation suffering by street children. Mostly the children were addicted, because the sniffing of glue made them confident to commit criminal activities and to subdue hunger. Most of the children beg money to purchase the glue.Chapter 5 SOCIAL WORK INTERVENTION5.1 Area of social work intervention:Whenever there emerges a social problem in a society, the professional social workers and social work students should take their initiatives to tackle that crisis. In case of ensuring street children with their right social worker should take the various intervention technique s to uplift the status of street children.1. Support a nurtureive environment in the street and children workplace 2. Establishing a referral system with local organizations which provide different services like legal aid, health care, drugs rehabilitation, and awareness campaign. 3. Pressurizing government for the effective supervise regarding the wrong practice still prevailed in Nepalese society. 4. Helping government to create sound public policies, a holistic approach and long-term commitment. 5. meliorate co-ordination amongst donors and support for street children organizing at the national and world(prenominal) level. 6. Children experience barriers in almost every tone of work. Employment opportunities Need to be improved. At the same time children perform the bulk of unpaid care work. This is an area for greater attention. 7. Advocating on behalf of children’s for ensuring and safeguarding their right. 8. protagonism efforts should be strengthened by coordin ation and collaboration between civil society organizations. 9. Develop children as the main actors in realizing the rights of street involved children through their active participation and building their resilience and capacity to protect themselves Chapter 6 Conclusion6.1 ConclusionLook into a child’s eyeball and you are sure to see a clean innocence that makes us all smile and want to cherish. It’s a universal feeling we all share no matter our race, creed or religion. But it is difficult when you look into a child’s eyes and see pain, loss, suffering, hate and something dark. Something so woeful in their eyes that make us looks away out of fear along with unrighteousness for not questioning why they are like that. The majority of street children share background of family poverty, lack of education opportunities, and broken families. Without family love and guidance, street children face a very hard life in streets. They are vulnerable to all kind of abu se, exploitation and exposure to criminal activities that are the hazards of the urban street life.There are many activities established to promote child’s right and prevent child exploitation but they have not been fully prospering in increasing awareness and improving the situation of children. The life of all street children’s is issue from same problems though various NGOS and INGOS are still working for it. The street is not safe for the children to live. Different kinds of risk are prevalent on the street. Traffic accidents, violence, crime, gang fights and demonstration are very common. There are increasing number of crime such as sexual abuse, labor exploitation and use of children for criminal activities. Likewise exposure for drug use, alcoholism, and unsafe sexual activities has put their survival at risk. Many of street children were rescued by various organizations but due to drug abusing and lack of freedom they want they again pull themselves on str eet and again continue their life as street children.Chapter 7 RecommendationsNational child protection and child welfare systems that are sensitive to the rights of street children to care and protection are needed, and should be adequately funded to operate effectively. All actors inwardly these systems (police, judiciary, health staff and social workers) need to be trained on the rights of street involved children and how to treat them in non-violent ways. Civil society organizations need to support community responses to child protection and children’s participation, and help oneself their linkage with national child protection systems. disposal and civil society organizations should collaborate on the introduction of standards and good practices for government and non-government agencies that work with street involved children. Programmers need to be based on a clear understanding, gained from participatory research, of the experiences of different subgroups of stree t-involved children, the environments in which they live and the people with whom they interact.\r\n'