'Street Children in Kathmandu\r'

'Chapter 1 Introduction1.1Background in that respect argon estimated to be around 120 million clawren backup on the passages in the world (30 million in Africa, 30 million in Asia, and 60 million in S stunnedh America). Often victims of each(prenominal)(prenominal) kinds of ab habituate, these tikeren even buzz off seriouss. Street peasantren be minors who score it outdoor(a) and give-up the ghost on the drive slipway .The phenomenon of way babyren is multi proceeds c atomic number 18ted. It is in that locationfore very voiceless to single taboo nonpargonil or much ca habits. Street pincerren ar the reality world-wide and in capital of Nepal valley alone, the come of pass fryren argon estimated several(prenominal)what 1200 .The vast majority of these children argon illiterate boys sr. in the midst of 10 and 18. They pull round; sleep and spurt under the open sky and survive without family second.They be animation with fri destroys and peers, r unning(a) as beggars and devil pickers. The causal agent for why children end up seatless in road is Socio- scotch conditions in villages, family violence, peer influence, attraction towards the city, and semipolitical instability etc. When the children pass through with stepm new(prenominal)s, family conflicts, poverty, wish of aw atomic number 18ness and orphanages some children left home in search of better opportunities in the big cities and end up in avenue when they find akin peer group who gave up their dreams and graduation exerciseed living on passageway. For survival they beg at first and when it is inadequate then they turn into whitlow and began to steal. They aspirate themselves to gum tree sniffing to cut out smart which is cheaper than former(a) drugs and food.In this instruction they started it to play as a toy which do them criminals, thieves, divided into group, made a hierarchy amongst them which leads gang fight and leadership. For earning some continue repel and victim to all types of victimization and vilification including sex. At this fourth dimension some gather from diseases or ailment by their drug mistreat and hunger.Those organizations who were puzzle outing on passageway children rescue the children, the children started normal sprightliness notwithstanding collect to the drug ab victimisation habit and privation of liberty they pull themselves once again on road and start living as previous life using the ‘brain killing’ substance. In this elan route children end up their life by familiar disease or illness or by hunger and those who were rescued alive life as a civilize citizen with a bitter memory of past. 75% of passageway boys in Kathmandu be victims of intimate step at the hands of foreigners, local anaesthetics and their peers.The children living or reporting on the tracks in angry conditions, scant(p) health, piteous opportunities, lack of supervision or adequa te keeping and vulnerability and victims to all types of evolution and tread including current live onledgeable jest at by adults, peers and physical and amiable execration by commonwealth in positions of authority. It is estimated that 75% of passageway boys vex ongoing internal abuse. paste sniffing is prevalent in children as young as five to stave hunger and encou weather sheeted by peers. It is highly addictive and has universal devastating consequences. Other children and young people suffer with alcohol and drug issues such as the use of injecting ‘br seduce got sugar’. Children on the street argon living in groups- small gangs next their own rules with their own way of thinking and own way of living. Marginalized by edict they create their own carcass with their own power relations, hierarchy and values.As collector of fuddle pickers, beggars, street vendors, tempo conductors they don’t afford positive makes or a positive moving-p icture show of the general public. They be considered as genial parasites, piddling criminals, drug abusers and thieves. The vulgar language, dirty clothes and refusal of umpteen societal constraints put forwards the public assume them to be a friendly beings. On the other hand the children themselves liveliness that they set about no other choice solely to represent differently.Rejection from the society drives them to deny society and its rules. In nastiness of their young age, they be exposed to some of the defeat forms of ontogeny and forced to experience kind forcing out solar day afterwards day. We all know the incident that the street is not a safe enthrone to live, peculiar(a)ly for the children. several(predicate) kinds of risks are prevalent on the street. barter accidents, violence, crime, gang fights and demonstrations are very common. There are increasing number of crimes against children such as knowledgeable abuse, commercial sexual growth, labo r evolution, and use of children for criminal activities. Likewise, exposure to drug use, alcoholism and severe sexual activities has put their survival at risk. M any of the street children were rescued by various organizations merely referable to drug abusing habit and lack of freedom they pull themselves on street and again continue their life as street children.1.2 Problem StatementDue to the space and the indirect request of children they end up their home and started living in street for enjoyment and bet marchesent of life just they fell on some difficulty. The following are the riddles vista by street children’s in Kathmandu:1.2.1 Glue SniffingMore than 80% street children are addicted to chewing gum sniffing, which is the current trend among street children. It is cheap among other drug and easily available. It feel Confessed that they felt relax and playful, sleepy, without pain and hunger. 1.2.2Sexual clapperclawSexual abuse is privy just a widely p revalent miserable among them. No child is safe and away from this cauldron of suffering. Approximately 99 per cent of them are physically and psychologically abused. Child sexual abuse may overwhelm fondling a child’s genitals, masturbation, oral-genital contact, digital penetration, and vaginal and anal intercourse. The other slipway a child can be abused with are direct physical contact, such as sex by exposures, voyeurism and child pornography, use of repulsive(a) language, as well referred to as non-contact abuse.1.2.3 ExploitationChildren living or working on the streets in raging conditions, poor health, poor opportunities , lack of supervision or adequate keeping and vulnerability and victims to all types of exploitation and abuse including ongoing sexual abuse by adults, peers and physical and psychical abuse by people in positions of authority.1.2.4 attempt with AIDSIt is well documented that street-based children share an environment and practices that make them vulnerable to HIV infection. Furthermore, two independent tests conducted by an NGO in Kathmandu identified the public of HIV infection among this sub-population. In these tests, 25 out of 80 (31 percent) street children were HIV positive, and 16 out of 32 (50 percent) â€Å"high-risk” street children were HIV positive.1.2.5 Nepali kindity to street childrenAs the street children are rag pickers, beggars, street vendors, tempo conductors they don’t obligate positive experiences or a positive ambit of the general public. They are what people call â€Å"Khate”, a word, which once described rag pickers only nevertheless which is now used for calling all those who work, live and sleep on the street. They are considered as fond parasites, petty criminals, drug abusers and thieves.1.2.6 Trafficking closely of the street children are victim of trafficking . many another(prenominal) girls are trafficking into India and other countries for sex workers wh ere as boys are trafficking for labor work.1.2.7 beggingMost of the children beg for earning silver. The money collected by begging used for food and for drug. Begging is the day by day occupation of about one hundred children in Nepal. It is physically easier for these children because they are not steeped in drivel and fumes. Yet beggars suffer more from social isolation. Begging destroys any feelings of self esteem, which makes the children dangerously undervalue themselves.1.2.8 neediness of Basic needs (Food, Shelter and Clothing)Due to the lack of money and drug using habit street children suffer a lot for food, shelter and clothing.1.3 ObjectiveThe specific objectives of the exact are mentioned below: 1. To know the line of work facing by street children of Kathmandu. 2. To know how children came to live and work on street. 3. To know about the current cookery and act regarding child right. 4. To know about the Glue Sniffing by Street Children in the Kathmandu.Chapter2 LITERATURE REVIEW2.1Problem shell by street children 2.1.1 Psychological and Physical AbusePerhaps the superior risk faced by children living on street over which they have little or no control is their vulnerability to abuse. In go badicular street children face daily physical and psychosocial abuse which is so normalize d that the children themselves no long-dated question this situation. Psychosocial abuse encompasses all abuse which affects the child mentality or emotionally .The just about authorized determining factor for the future of children on the street is the environment on which they spend the majority of their cadence. small-arm they may visit organizations and have contact with social workers, family or other relatives, the reality is the most of their time is spent with peer and with adults in the street environment.For children and adolescent, groups and gangs oftentimes play the most significant role in their socialization process of identity formation. At this time children are exposed to many risk behaviors which deform normalized for them, while society may look at many issues related to drugs and criminality in term of efficacious framework this often has little relevancy for street children. On the margins of society, many children’s experience of posit and society is through encounter with the natural law. Arrested for no reason, without recognition of their inherent rights and abused by state body children are given little need to single outicipate in society.2.1.2 Sexual AbusesChild sexual abuse may include fondling a child’s genitals, masturbation, oral-genital contact, digital penetration, and vaginal and intercourse. These area ways in which a child can be abused with direct physical contact. Children can besides be abused without physical contact, such as by exposure, voyeurism (getting sexual pleasure from watching crude children) and child pornography, use of obscene language; also refer to as n on-contact abuse. Children living in street are represent to be at high risk of being sexually victimized. Both boys and girls are vulnerable to sexual abuse. The conflict situation of the untaught has made the children, more vulnerable to trafficking, sexual abuse and exploitation many grounds of physical and mental abuse, exploitation and torture faced by the children are not reported out of hesitation and are often oppressed due to pressure and power. nonetheless there has been a rise in publishing of elusion on child abuse and exploitation. It reflects to the increasing occupy of public towards child right. Studies on whom commits child sexual abuse differ in their findings but the most common finding is that majority of sexual offenders are family members or are otherwise known to the child. query shows that men commit most instances of sexual abuse, but there are cases in which women are the offenders. languish term studies shows that children who are victims of chi ld sexual abuse are most kindredly to be the perpetrators of rape, sexual abuse or to be heterogeneous in physically abusive relationship. This trend is strong particularly among street children.Example indigo plant’s story, age 14 (name changed)-Anil’s family was not poor but when he was 11 years old his parents began to quarrel often and one day his mother committed suicide. Within in a year his father fell trim a well and also died and so Anil became orphan. Anil’s brother worked as a bus conductor and many of his friends lived on or near the street and so he as well as started to live on the street. Anil began to develop serious behavior, including substance abuse, and was arrested by the police many times. In the street he would be beaten by the public, street adults and others.Anil develop a very prejudicial self-image and although he requisiteed to return home after some time he looked himself as ‘Khate’ and was excite to go home to his sister. Anil realized street life is not good for his future but he also realizes that he cannot stay for a long time at home because he has be number accustomed to the freedom of street life. He is now staying in CPCS and trying to slowly repair his behavior so that one day he will be able to stay at home.2.2 State proviso and act for the rights of children: According the slowdown Constitution of Nepal (2063)CHILDREN’S RIGHTS Part 3 †rudimentary RightsRights of children(1) Every child shall have the right to his or her own identity and name. (2) Every child shall have the right to be nurtured, to basic health and social security. (3) Every child shall have the right not to be subjected to physical, mental or any other form of exploitation. Any such act of exploitation shall be punishable by law and any child so treated shall be make up as determined by law. (4) Helpless, orphaned or mentally retarded children, children who are victims of conflict or dis spac ed and street children at risk shall have the right to receive special privileges from the State to correspond their ascertain future. (5) No minor shall be employed in factories, mines or in any other unwarranted work nor shall be used in army, police or in conflicts. 2.3Why children live and work on streetThe arrival of a child on the streets may represent an industrious decision on the part of the child, often in response to situations of serious rights violations at home. In context of Nepal rural area sweep up more than of urban area, so broadly speaking the children came to the city with a dream for the betterment of life due to family conflict, peer influenced etc… but due to lack of congruous employment and guidance the children are compelled to make the street as shelter.Many of the underprivileged and abandoned street children come from several remote parts of the country and they ran away from their home due to domestic violence and poverty. However there re master(prenominal) so many causes that give children on the street. any(prenominal) common cause are family breakdown, poverty, urbanization and overcrowding, dislocation through migration and civil war, child labor, lost of family members, exploitation by adults, emotional abuse or neglect. For earning street children are engaged in begging on the street, trash picking, pick pocketing, rag picking, working in bars, restaurants and tempo buses even some children are engaged in prostitution.How children end up homeless on the streets of Kathmandu•41% of children fall in home due to family violence •27% due to peer influence •19% due to economic factors •15% due to disintegration of the family2.4 Glue Sniffing by Street ChildrenThose who might think these street kids are ignorant are wrong. They are actually inventors †innovators of a cheap substitute for intoxication, which is easily available in the market, sold in both drug stores and computer hardw are stores. It is none other than a sticky adhesive gluten substance commonly known as dendrite solution. Most street children are now taking attach every day and quite frequently. The glue is a â€Å"shoe glue”, used by all shoe repairmen, and many garment or other product makers.In Nepal, it is usually found in â€Å"hardware” shops, but can also be found in stationeries, or even bought from local street vendors, junkyards, etc… meaning that it is readily available at every corner, and at nearly any time of the day and night. Though there exists many ways to exhort the glue solvent, Nepali street children use it mostly by dropping a certain step of glue inside a small malleable bag (milk bag), and by taking long complicated breaths from the bag, a technique usually referred to as â€Å" firing”.Chapter 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY3.1 Secondary data:In this method different secondary source were used. They were: publisher Magazines Journal Report Books Internet SourceChapter 4 analysis AND INTERPRETATION4.1Analysis and interpretationStreet children represent a phenomenon which appeal to people’s feelings and awake their sympathy. The hardship of street life should not be underestimated; neither should it be of paramount elicit in all coverage of street children. It is of the essence(p) not to neglect the abilities and resources street children possess.As a social work student it is becomes a prime function to analyze and interpret the issue from several dimensions. Analyzing this make-up Kathmandu’s street children is being exploited and abused in various ways. As we know the fact that the street is not safe place to live, many street children are compelled to survive in such palaces without proper food, cloth and shelter. Viewing the street children’s condition the following can be consider as the main problems: Living or working on the street in hazardous conditionVictim to all type of exploitation and abuse include ongoing sexual abuse Glue sniffing diminished life expectancy poor health impact in criminal activities etc…Objective# 1 AnalysisAlthough there are various organizations working to reduce the exploitation and abuse of street children but the rate of children and abuse seem to be uncontrolled. There are many children who have been reintegrating by various NGOS and INGOS but the numbers of street children are similar due to the impertinently added children and the some older who again end up in street after the rescue due to the lack of freedom they extremity in their harbor home. While reviewing the problem of street children it was found that the problems start from the family and form the society as well. Children who are orphans and poor came to live on street and they are compelled to face mental and physical problems.Objective# 2 AnalysisIlliteracy and poverty are factor, especially in rural areas, which result in lack of awareness. Families gave birth to the many children and unable to sue their basic needs such as food, clothing, home and education. These issues often force the children to suffer from exploitation. For these reasons they are intimidate to roam in the street to survive. But the society has given them a nick name and favoritism against them. For living, most of the children collect rags such as garbage, plastics, bottles, metals and report found in garbage of residential area, around market and along river banks and in dumping sides.They sell their rags to local junkyard to make their day to day living. Some beg to survive while other has no set work taking occasional jobs as porter or dish washer or dawn into criminal activities such as shoplifting and pick-pocketing. We analyze street children are the integral part of the urban problem, which is directly linked with the growing issues of migration and poverty. As we have observed last 10 years, the problem of street children has increased with grown of urba nization. Therefore, if this problem is to right on overcome, no urban development or child development program should forget to cover these children. As we analyze the livelihood of street children they are compelled to live in hazardous place with physical and mental exploitation.Objective# 3 AnalysisThere is various state provision and laws to ensure street children but the problems and street children are identical(p) due to the lack of implementation of such provision by government. Due to the lack of negligence toward street children by government our societies also exploits the children mentally and physically. The following are the problems faced by children due to the vapid policy of street children:Discrimination Exploitation Abuse Child laborThe problem of child abuse in Nepal is made worse by a fault in Nepalese legislation which does not understand sexual abuse of boys. The problem, legally, simply does not exist. The children have slipped through a fractured safet y net in Nepalese society that’s a living tragedy and a dramatic future problem that many choose to ignore.Objective# 4 AnalysisAlmost all street children were addicted to glue sniffing because of hunger and the influence of friends. nearly 95 percent of street children were using glue, and it would not take much to introduce the habit to the remain 5 percent, it said. Glue sniffing is the most dangerous habituation suffering by street children. Mostly the children were addicted, because the sniffing of glue made them confident to commit criminal activities and to subdue hunger. Most of the children beg money to purchase the glue.Chapter 5 SOCIAL WORK INTERVENTION5.1 Area of social work intervention:Whenever there emerges a social problem in a society, the professional social workers and social work students should take their initiatives to tackle that crisis. In case of ensuring street children with their right social worker should take the various intervention technique s to uplift the status of street children.1. Support a nurtureive environment in the street and children workplace 2. Establishing a referral system with local organizations which provide different services like legal aid, health care, drugs rehabilitation, and awareness campaign. 3. Pressurizing government for the effective supervise regarding the wrong practice still prevailed in Nepalese society. 4. Helping government to create sound public policies, a holistic approach and long-term commitment. 5. meliorate co-ordination amongst donors and support for street children organizing at the national and world(prenominal) level. 6. Children experience barriers in almost every tone of work. Employment opportunities Need to be improved. At the same time children perform the bulk of unpaid care work. This is an area for greater attention. 7. Advocating on behalf of children’s for ensuring and safeguarding their right. 8. protagonism efforts should be strengthened by coordin ation and collaboration between civil society organizations. 9. Develop children as the main actors in realizing the rights of street involved children through their active participation and building their resilience and capacity to protect themselves Chapter 6 Conclusion6.1 ConclusionLook into a child’s eyeball and you are sure to see a clean innocence that makes us all smile and want to cherish. It’s a universal feeling we all share no matter our race, creed or religion. But it is difficult when you look into a child’s eyes and see pain, loss, suffering, hate and something dark. Something so woeful in their eyes that make us looks away out of fear along with unrighteousness for not questioning why they are like that. The majority of street children share background of family poverty, lack of education opportunities, and broken families. Without family love and guidance, street children face a very hard life in streets. They are vulnerable to all kind of abu se, exploitation and exposure to criminal activities that are the hazards of the urban street life.There are many activities established to promote child’s right and prevent child exploitation but they have not been fully prospering in increasing awareness and improving the situation of children. The life of all street children’s is issue from same problems though various NGOS and INGOS are still working for it. The street is not safe for the children to live. Different kinds of risk are prevalent on the street. Traffic accidents, violence, crime, gang fights and demonstration are very common. There are increasing number of crime such as sexual abuse, labor exploitation and use of children for criminal activities. Likewise exposure for drug use, alcoholism, and unsafe sexual activities has put their survival at risk. Many of street children were rescued by various organizations but due to drug abusing and lack of freedom they want they again pull themselves on str eet and again continue their life as street children.Chapter 7 RecommendationsNational child protection and child welfare systems that are sensitive to the rights of street children to care and protection are needed, and should be adequately funded to operate effectively. All actors inwardly these systems (police, judiciary, health staff and social workers) need to be trained on the rights of street involved children and how to treat them in non-violent ways. Civil society organizations need to support community responses to child protection and children’s participation, and help oneself their linkage with national child protection systems. disposal and civil society organizations should collaborate on the introduction of standards and good practices for government and non-government agencies that work with street involved children. Programmers need to be based on a clear understanding, gained from participatory research, of the experiences of different subgroups of stree t-involved children, the environments in which they live and the people with whom they interact.\r\n'